Plato :: essays research papers

Plato was a philosopher who was born in Athens (470- 390 BCE), and was also a student of Socrates. He felt that intelligence and whizzs perception belonged to completely independent nations or realties. He believed that general concepts of knowledge were predestined, or placed in the soul before birth still occurred in living things. Plato believed that the cosmos was intelligible, and that the universe was mathematically understandable. He believed that mathematical objects could be square upn as perfect forms. Forms, a doctoral of Plato, can be mum as an everyday object or idea, which does not exist in the everyday realm, but merely are existent in the hypothetical realm or reality. Plato believed that truths existed outside the boundaries of our realm, interestingly enough. He was highly influenced by Socrates, and inherited the idea of absolute truths and standards of knowledge. Geometric shapes correspond to the mental world, a universe that exists co-temporarily with the substantial universe. Material objects are copies of mathematical knowledge and our mind gives us knowledge of ideas. In addition, our sensory gives us knowledge of the material world, what we can feel see or smell. Regarding the sensible world, one that is perceptible by the senses or by the mind, is in direct relation with his doctoral of dualism. Dualism can be seen as the lot that the world consists of as two fundamental entities, such as mind and matter, physics and nature. In the intelligible world, things fundamentally consist of as being understand by the intellect alone. Regarding sensory objects, he believed that they were in constant change and furthermore were a phenomenon of the physical world hence they cannot be identified with knowledge.

A Respectable Trade :: Slavery Essays

A Respectable TradeMany economic systems exist in the movie A Respectable Trade. capitalism is present, as the Coles hire their cook and pay her for her time. Self Employment also exists as one witnesses through the doctor. The economic system in which the plot revolves around is Sla precise. Mr. Cole tries to earn a fortune in the business of slave trade. His wife, Francis, is ordered to teach them to assimilate into European culture by teaching them English, dressing them in new cloths and re-naming them. As the film progresses, so does Mr. Coles greed and arrogance increases. He begins to act superior and to omit the household. Many slave owners including Mr. Cole began to engrain these feelings into their culture, to be carried through generations. In A Respectable Trade, the owner of the slaves is Josiah Cole. This is a new business investment for Josiah. He is non well known with the aristocrats in Bristol, England and does not have the poise and charm it takes to be accept ed in to their circle. As a result, he invests in marrying Francis Scott. She was elevated by old money and possesses the grace, status and wealth required to begin a successful business in slave trading. She is also a very educated woman and has the ability to teach the slaves English and how to behave as a European servant might have been expected to.Consequently, Josiah appears to have a prosperous business investment by marring Francis as she can lead him and their business of slave trade into Queens Square.Generally the owner is accountable for providing minimal food, shelter, and clothing. Members of a family can be separated at the will of the ownerA slave is commonly regarded as an article of property, or chattel, and then can be sold or given away. In A Respectable Trade the viewer sees the slaves eventually living in better conditions, have healthier and with more comfortable clothing, nevertheless the clothing was very European and may have felt uncomfortable to them . Eventually, Francis feels compassion for the slaves, especially for Mehuru, and this is what drives her to make their lives more comfortable, if lives can be comfortable with out freedom. However, in the beginning of the business, they were treated poorly and often. It is important to remember that these better living conditions were not originally a result of Franciss moral conscious Her motivations were more for economical reasons.

Nutrition and You :: Health Nutrition Pyramid Diet

Nutrition is the relationship of foods to the wellness of the human body . Proper support means that you are receiving copious foods and supplements for the body to function at optimal capacity. It is important to remember that no single nutrient or activity crapper maintain optimal health and well being, although it has been proven that some nutrients are more important than others. Nutrition plays a critical role in gymnastic performance, but many active agent people do not eat a diet that helps them do their best. Without a basic understanding of nutrition, popping a pill seems easier than planning a menu. In reality, there is no pill, potion, or powder that can enhance your performance like the right foods and fluids. All of the nutrients are necessary in antithetical amounts along with exercise to maintain proper health. There are six main types of nutrients used to maintain body health. They are carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minera ls, and water . They all mustiness be in balance for the body to function properly. There are too five major food groups. The groups are fats and oils, fruits and vegetables, dairy products, grains, and meats. Exercise is also an important part of nutrition. Exercise helps tone and maintain muscle tissue and ensure that the body?s organs diaphragm in good condition. well eating without exercise will not result in good nutrition and a healthy body - uncomplete will exercise without nutrition. The nearly important thing about exercise is that it be practiced regularly and that it be practiced in accompaniment with a healthy diet. It is also preferable to practice more that one sport as different sports exercise different areas of the body. Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are the sources of competency for the body. To have luxuriant energy you need to follow up enough energy. Getting adequate calories is one of the keys to an ergogenic, or performance-enha ncing, diet. With too few calories you will feel tired and weak, and you will be more prone to injuries. The contained energy is expressed in calories. There are 9 calories per gram in fat and there are about 4 calories Nutrition and You Health Nutrition Pyramid Diet Nutrition is the relationship of foods to the health of the human body . Proper nutrition means that you are receiving enough foods and supplements for the body to function at optimal capacity. It is important to remember that no single nutrient or activity can maintain optimal health and well being, although it has been proven that some nutrients are more important than others. Nutrition plays a critical role in athletic performance, but many active people do not eat a diet that helps them do their best. Without a basic understanding of nutrition, popping a pill seems easier than planning a menu. In reality, there is no pill, potion, or powder that can enhance your performance like the right foods and fluids. All of the nutrients are necessary in different amounts along with exercise to maintain proper health. There are six main types of nutrients used to maintain body health. They are carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water . They all must be in balance for the body to function properly. There are also five major food groups. The groups are fats and oils, fruits and vegetables, dairy products, grains, and meats. Exercise is also an important part of nutrition. Exercise helps tone and maintain muscle tissue and ensure that the body?s organs stay in good condition. Healthy eating without exercise will not result in good nutrition and a healthy body - neither will exercise without nutrition. The most important thing about exercise is that it be practiced regularly and that it be practiced in accompaniment with a healthy diet. It is also desirable to practice more that one sport as different sports exercise different areas of the bo dy. Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are the sources of energy for the body. To have enough energy you need to consume enough energy. Getting adequate calories is one of the keys to an ergogenic, or performance-enhancing, diet. With too few calories you will feel tired and weak, and you will be more prone to injuries. The contained energy is expressed in calories. There are 9 calories per gram in fat and there are about 4 calories

‘An Inspector Calls’ by J.B.Priestley Essay -- Drama

How has observance a production of An examiner Calls by J.B.Priestley enhanced the hired man and furthered your consciousness of the play? Refer to themes and characters in your analysis.An Inspector Calls J.B. Priestley=====================================Twentieth Century Drama Coursework----------------------------------Task How has watching a production of An Inspector Calls byJ.B.Priestley enhanced the script and furthered your understanding ofthe play? Refer to themes and characters in your analysis.Following my reading of An Inspector Calls by J.B.Priestely, I wentto the theatre to see Daldrys production. I found that watching theplay on stage massively enhanced the script and furthered myunderstanding of the play. The use of scenery, sound, lighting,special effects, the actors and their actual movement about the stageall forceful Priestleys moral essence of the play, which he feltwas so necessary to express.The play An Inspector Calls was written by J.B.Priestley in the winter of 1944-1945, when Priestley, as explained in his biography byVincent Brome, had an idea about a mysterious inspector visiting afamily... before the (second world) war. The entire play was writtenat crystalise speed,... and finished within a week. Even though the playwas written in 1945, it was set in 1912 and written on a basis ofPriestleys early influences in life. His childhood home was a placewhere socialist ideas thrived and he had a real experience of workingclass life through and through numerous visits to his grandp bents house innarrow backstreets behind a mill factory. J.B.Priestley was very interested in politics, but could not agree all told with the policies of any one political party. One of themain reasons for him writing An Inspector Calls was to put thelabour party into authority. He was a socialist and based his viewsand actions on compassion, the sort of compassion that the Inspectorwants to see in those he questions in the play.Brumley, where the play is set, is a large manufacturing town in theMidlands. In 1912 nearly 15 million people lived in large towns andcities. Most people worked in manufacturing industries, mining,transport and trade. England had huge social divisions, based largelyon wealth and income. Priestley replicates this scenario when initiativedescribing t... ...outside of his safe world, inside of the house, to answer it. This signifies that he cannot escape reality and must face up to hisactions. Finally, in order to show the that morals and meanings of the play arestill relevant for a modern day audience, in Daldrys production, thehouse lights are switched on for the Inspectors speech and the coremessage of the play he has to deliver. Even though you may bewatching how the Birlings have misbehaved, this is a reminder to theaudience that no one should behave as they did and always face up totheir responsibilities, which is the message Priestley wanted toconvey in his play of An Inspector Calls.To conclude, I fou nd that watching a production of An InspectorCalls immensely enhanced and furthered my understanding of the play,in many ways as explained and analysed thoroughly in this essay. Although Priestleys ideas were noted when reading the play in class,I felt they were conveyed more emotionally had much more meaning whenacted. All plays are supposed to acted in order convey the meaningsof them in this way and I found Daldrys production created thatemotion and meaning extremely effectively.

David Livingstone :: essays research papers

David Livingstone is a Scottish missionary and physician. He spent nearly of his life exploring Africa. He helped Europeans learn a lot about the continent of Africa. Livingstone was born in Scotland. His parents were actually religious so David followed his dads footsteps. David is a really hard working person, the reason why he would want to go to Africa was because he knew that there werent a lot of Christians there he also knew that not many people there knew about Christ. At age ten he began working in the local cotton mill, he had to work long hours and he got too little pay for what he was doing. When he didnt work, he would just stay at home to study, and in 1836 he entered Andersons College in Glasgow. He was mainly interested in theology and medicine. In 1838 the London Missionary Society accepted him as a candidate, and cardinal years later he received a medical examination degree from the University of Glasgow. The First War between Britain and China ruined his hopes of becoming a medical missionary to China, but the missionary society arranged a new placement for him in southern Africa. He was supposed to be preaching in the southern part of Africa however, due to the fact that he wasnt successful, he went to the north. While he was there, he worked with an individual named, Robert Moffat. Later on he hook up with his daughter, Mary Moffat. For the next 15 years, Livingstone was constantly moving into the African interior. He was strengthening his missionary determination he was also responding entirely to the delights of geographical denudation he was building for himself a Christian, a courageous explorer, and a fervent antislavery advocate. As a missionary, David Livingstone quickly believed that what he was supposed to do is to not perch in one spot, preaching the gospel to the few local people willing to listen. Instead, he should keep on moving, reaching new groups and extending to them to be to a greater extent familiar with what God wanted them to do with Christianity. Eventually he would expand this idea into a belief that his role was to open up Africas interior to broader influences from westward civilization. Once that occurred, he would work hand in hand to end slave trading and uplift African peoples. Such motives drove Livingstone. He worked really hard as a missionary but he still had the desire to keep on exploring.

David Livingstone :: essays research papers

David Livingstone is a Scottish missionary and physician. He spent most of his life exploring Africa. He helped Europeans analyse a lot about the continent of Africa. Livingstone was born in Scotland. His parents were really religious so David followed his dads footsteps. David is a really hard drawing(a) person, the reason why he would want to go to Africa was because he knew that there werent a lot of Christians there he also knew that not numerous people there knew about Christ. At age ten he began working in the local cotton mill, he had to work long hours and he got too little pay for what he was doing. When he didnt work, he would just stay at home to study, and in 1836 he entered Andersons College in Glasgow. He was mainly interested in theology and medicine. In 1838 the London Missionary Society accepted him as a candidate, and two years later he received a medical degree from the University of Glasgow. The First War between Britain and China ruined his hopes of becomin g a medical missionary to China, but the missionary society arranged a new placement for him in southern Africa. He was supposed to be discourse in the southern part of Africa however, imputable to the fact that he wasnt successful, he went to the north. While he was there, he worked with an individual named, Robert Moffat. Later on he married his daughter, Mary Moffat. For the next 15 years, Livingstone was constantly moving into the African interior. He was strengthening his missionary determination he was also responding entirely to the delights of geographical discovery he was building for himself a Christian, a courageous explorer, and a fervent antislavery advocate. As a missionary, David Livingstone quickly believed that what he was supposed to do is to not remain in one spot, preaching the gospel to the few local people willing to listen. Instead, he should keep on moving, reaching new groups and extending to them to be more familiar with what God precious them to do with C hristianity. Eventually he would expand this idea into a belief that his role was to open up Africas interior to broader influences from Western civilization. Once that occurred, he would work hand in hand to end slave trading and uplift African peoples. Such motives drove Livingstone. He worked really hard as a missionary but he still had the desire to keep on exploring.

Developing Orientation Program

Med-Veal handles all administrative functions from the time of the referral until the medical report is de go badred to the requesting party. Their goal is to focus on providing excellent customer comport eyepatch providing high level services to clients all e preciseplace the country. It is a relatively small comp some(prenominal), employing fewer than one hundred employees, many Of which be located at the collective site in Sterling, Virginia. Med-Veal provides an innovative solution to insurance providers by providing medical examiners that be board certified in their specialties and specialties.All physicians that are contracted with Med-Veal are qualified and free from sanctions or judgments that could compromise their credibility on medical reports. They also provide these services through the united States, so they tail end be relied upon to locate a qualified provider virtually anywhere. Lastly they provide discounted diagnostic service for Workers compensation insuran ce providers, again with facilities avail qualified all over the country. The corporate world resources team recently conducted a thorough emergencys judging in April of 201 3, and found many positive happenings and orgasm already in place in the company.There were however, several issues that they found during this process that needed to be addressed if they wanted to find contain due success in the industry. virtuoso major concern that corporate human resources and management felt needed to be addressed immediately was the high turnover rates within the company. The assessment also showed low employee satisfaction, and much of the staff expressed concern with the fact that was no orientation or onboard envision in place, and they were often left to attain the job on their own.There was no formal orientation, with employees spending about 30 minutes with one of the human resource managers to dispute benefits and f trouble out paperwork, and thence about a day being trained by fellow employees on how the computer systems work, and how to schedule patients for various studies or evaluations. Human Resource education Intervention Once the involve assessment had been completed, human resources projectd that changes needed to be put into place in redact to improve employee satisfaction levels, to put down turnover rates, and to employ a much denaturized onboard and orientation process.If was felt that much of the emphasis should be placed on developing an onboard process and culture plan, and in doing so it was felt that the turnover rates would drop and the satisfaction rates would rise. Therefore an action plan was implemented in order to take a leak an onboard an orientation program. According to author Patricia Duration (2007), there are three key elements of a successful onboard program. These include a clearly identified process, having the support of managers and other organizational leaders, and aging sure there is timely follow up at the close of the orientation class.Because there was no formal onboard program or orientation program in place, it was quickly realized that these were all areas that required improvement. There was no traditional onboard process. Employees were brought in, and immediately put to work with very little provision. The expectation was that they would learn about the values of the company as they worked. Training was limited and provided on the job. This complaint was felt amongst many of the employees, especially those that were in the independent medical evaluation group which requires being very detail oriented, and able to handle many tasks quickly and effectively.There was no clearly defined program to bring unfermented employees up to speed and train them properly on their respective positions. As the human resources team evaluated these events, they realized that the first step was to sleep with up with the objectives of what they want their sunrise(prenominal) onboard and orient ation process to accomplish. This starts with creating a proper training program for advanced hires. Instructional Design Plan In order to address this problem effectively and create an effective unbarring and orientation program it is important to assess what measures need to be taken.It is imperative that human resources has a across-the-board understanding of the learning style of the participants in order to create the proper objectives for the instruction. In this case, what is needed is a plan to create a more universal onboard and orientation. The objective here would be to create an onboard that answers all questions that new employees might have, to make sure that employees are properly oriented to the company and their position, and that training rules are in place so that employees do not feel that they have been placed in a sink or swim situation.Learning Objectives By completing the instructional design plan, and combining that with the results of the needs assessme nt, as well as feedback from surveys given to management and employees, it is possible for the Human Resources team to be able to determine what objectives are important for them to meet in order for new orientation classes and onboard sessions to be successful. In this case the first training session go forth need to focus on the importance of the onboard program.In this particular case, this session needs to involve a ore detailed overview of the company structure, as this allow assist new employees in better understanding the inner workings of the company, and know the proper protocol to follow when questions arise. Objective number two relates to the fact that this is a very particularized type of work environment, because you are dealing with workers compensation, and the particular rules and regulations that each state has.It is understood that many of the new hires do not have specific training in workers compensation programs, and that significant time volition need to be spent explaining workers compensation ales and regulations, and how they differ from state to State. The third major objective that needs to be addressed in this program is customer service and the importance of provident excellent service to the customer. New employees need to be trained on how to handle various issues when they arise, while keeping the customer informed of the situation at all times.New staff needs to have an onboard and orientation process of at least two weeks. The first week in the onboard sessions, learning about company culture, and having in-services on customer service. In the second week of employment the new employee should be assigned to a senior team member whom they can shadow and be properly trained in their position. Lesson Plan According to Werner and decision (201 2), an effective lesson plan lays out the step by step agenda of the training process.In the case of Med-Veal, this lesson plan is being established for a new employee onboard and ori entation class. Onboard and orientation are to take place at corporate headquarters in Sterling, Virginia, and this will not change. Or in the case of SST. Choir Hospice, the plan for the new employee orientation class. As previously mentioned the first week will be the onboard process, where they will learn company culture, meet various staff members including members of human resources, management and payroll.A sample lesson plan would be as follows Med Veal On Boarding Day 1 Objective To Introduce new employees to Med Veal. To inform them of the corporate culture, history and mission of Med -? Veal. Preparation Required 1. Physical Environment This course will be taken in the main conference room. All participants will meet there. 2. Equipment and Materials -? Materials ill be provided by Med Veal. They will include paper and pen for note taking. Employee handbook will be provided during this session. We will require a laptop and projector set up, to be provided by IT. 3.Ins tructor 4. Participants -? DB New Hires to Med -? Veal Onboard class to be the First Monday of each month as incumbent to arrest new employees. Day 1 900 -? 930 display and ice breaker. Have new employees get to know 5 facts about their new coworkers, and share these with the rest of the group. 930 1030 Introduction to Med Veal. This session will include history of Med Veal, and discussion of the company mission. Also discuss code of ethics. 1030 1200- Meeting with HER staff. Discussion of benefits, and services offered to Med-Veal employees. 200 100 Break for Lunch 1 -? 230 Introduction to mime department. Discuss the purpose of MIME. Overview of breakdowns within the department and the differences that can be found from state to state. Discuss the differences between a deposition, an MIME and a DAME. This subsection with be covered by Shannon Checker MIME Manager 230-330 Introduction to CICS and Diagnostic Department Discuss duties of this department. Explain diff erences between CICS and MIME departments. Discuss where the referrals come from. Explain the process of getting referrals, and provide overview of procedures.This section will be covered by Lindsey Jensen -? CICS Manager 330 345 -? Break 345 430 Introduction to CSS department. Discuss how this department provides support to MIME department. Provide overview of job duties and responsibilities. This section will be covered by Even Wagner -? CSS Manager 430 500 Review of material covered in day one. Answer any outstanding questions. Provide overview of onboard session for day 2. Instructional Methods The instructional methods for this program will be handled in an lecture setting, using instructor led live programs.There will be discussion Of corporate culture, set in a question and answer forum. With the use of audio visual devices they will be able to provide the necessary information to the new hires. There will also be industry specific material presented, as workers compensa tion has very specific rules that need to be adhered to. There will be a question and answer period at the end of each session, and then there ill also be testing will be given at the end of each day to determine what the new employees have learned, and what they are retaining.Instructors can then determine based on the testing results where and if any additional training needs to be provided to the individual new hires to ensure that they are retaining the necessary material. These training sessions will be provided during working moments which are from 800 AM to 500 PM Monday through Friday. They will break for a one hour lunch daily. Once the first week of onboard has been completed the employee will then move on to the second week of the orientation process which will be done in a one on one setting with senior team members.This on the job training will allow new employees to sit with various senior team members to be trained in multiple aspects of the position, and also for th em to see that they have several different resources available to them. This will provide additional support to the new employees not just from management, but also from senior team members who have the experience. By doing this new hires should feel more secure in their job before they begin, and should ultimately reduce the mount of turnover that Med-Veal is facing.

Foreign Players in English Football

On 30 December 2009, the Barclays Premier League football match between arsenal and Portsmouth made side football history as the first match not to include any British players. Arsenals team of multi-million pound strange stars won the game comfortably, 4-1 some would argue this is all that matters, but those who are passionate about football the sincere connoisseurs of the English game will recognize a deep underlying issue. Modern day football is unrecognizable compared to what has preceded it.In times past, teams were fashi angiotensin converting enzymed by nurturing youthfulness home-grown talent and bolstering the police squad with a few lads from Scotland and Ireland. Now the common consensus is that to achieve any achievement it is necessary to catch the attention of an exceedingly wealthy petroleum tycoon who will buy the club and proceed to spend ? 200 million a year on overpriced talent from the four corners of the world. This ethos is destroying British football. F or example in the Premier League there are 337 registered foreign players representing a total of 66 different countries.That equates to an average of 17 foreign players per squad the averages in Italy, France and Spain are all around 10. On the first day of the inaugural Premier League season in 1992 just 22 non-British players started on the first day of this season 124 started. It isnt right that success should be based on finance, is it? In 2004 Russian billionaire Roman Abramovich bought Chelsea F. C. , a team which hadnt won the league since 1954. He splashed an extravagant amount of gold on the creme de la creme of foreign talent from around the globe.Three seasons later they experienced peculiar success which, would never have happened without the cash injection. However, it was all achieved with just three regularly playing British players, who only made the squad because they were exceptional talents which money could not replace. This set a new benchmark for all the top teams in the land, making a clear statement that if they wanted to match Chelseas success they would have to match Chelseas spending and sacrifice their home-grown players or risk being left behind.In 1995 the British transfer demo was ? 7,000,000 by 2006 the record had sharply risen to ? 30,800,000, and player wages were spiralling out of control. It is true that this has lead to stronger squads, and the Premier League being viewed as the strongest league in the World, with consistent success in Europe, but can it be right to sacrifice our own players for this success? I think not. Journalists, pundits and just about every football cull out in England have formed their own theories concerning Englands miserable failure at the 2010 World Cup in South Africa.Many causes have been suggested, yet to me the think is obvious. If one analyses the teams which were most successful in South Africa, a definite trend appears. Spain won the World Cup this year. Many argue that they reached the final against Holland in general because 77. 1% of footballers in their domestic league are qualified to play for the national team, a direct result of home-grown players being given the opportunity in their clubs first teams. In the Premier League fewer than 40% of players are English. Jose Luis Astiazaran, president of the Spanish Football League, said. Our strategy is to work very hard with juvenility home-grown players and to try to have a mix between them and experienced players we invest moreand more in young Spanish players than in young foreign players. England hasmany times taken young players from outside these kinds of players are not English. This is one of the most important differences between Spain and England. We invest inyoung Spanish players maybe this is why at the moment you are not creating young English players. One view is that foreign players benefit the English players, who apparently exercise better alongside the Worlds best. I think dont you? that if more money, time, and attention were put into cultivating the abundance of young English talent, the English players themselves would be the worlds best. The Premier League have recognised this, and this year the F. A. implemented new squad rules controlling the number of foreign players in each squad. This is a start towards reducing the amount of foreign players in the league, but the rules are too loose and easy to circumvent. Foreign players can be bought in from a young age and developed in the academies this means the young Englishmen still dont get the attention they crave in order to advance their careers.In my opinion the influx of foreign players in England is the single most detrimental factor in the game, leading to over-inflated transfer fees, increase in ticket prices, under development of home-grown players and ultimately the destruction of the national team. The Premier League must review its policies, and clubs must invest in their academies or English national football will continue to deteriorate well into the future, and so many young aspiring footballers will be cast aside, and I for one cannot see that happen to the sport I and so many other Brits love.

Advertisement Analysis essay

Advertisement Analysis On average, people today strive to look the best that they spate. With this allure, consumers prefer to buy products that will legislate them the results they wish to achieve. Your advertisement has successfully portrayed many positive aspects of the Garnier Fructis product silk worry and Shine. By including detailed information ab step forward your product it educates a liberal number of consumers through the Sleek and Shine advertisement.Along with educating your consumers, as a corporation you also persuade your clients with test to back up your claims made about Sleek and Shine. Although your company exposes many valid points, when it comes to the ad itself it falls short with aspects like reassurance. If you take a look at the Pantene advertisement it is clearly backed by a credible source. The Pantene advertisement can also appeal more to viewers beca employ its layout is crisp and easy to read, instead of sensation that is pushed to the side and j umbled like your Sleek and Shine advertisement.Although your an ecofriendly company which bases their products with mainly elements of nature (which explains the backdrop of a sky and a green bottleful), the Pantene ad features an Olympian with a gold foot that conveys a thought to consumers that their product is the best and it will give the consumer what they want to look their best. What gives Pantene such a strong hold with this advertisement is the ethos that is set up behind it. The credibility of this ad is what brings it home for consumers this is beca persona it gives them reassurance that they are using the best product available to them.Having partners like P&G or the Olympics shows that this Pantene product is one of the best beca physical exertion it is back by major successful enterprises. Another huge aspect of the credibility of this ad is the extract I always come out shining by an Olympic gold medalist confirming that if you are one of the best you would only u se the best products. Featuring major enterprises and Olympians gives the consumer trust and reassures them that by using this Pantene product they are getting what the best use. Along with the use of ethos the Pantene advertisement persuades its cliental by manipulating their emotions.As you can see there is a wide use of gold tied into this ad from the water, to Natalie Coughlins bathing suit and hair, as well as the slide bys of the Pantene shampoo and conditioner bottles. The reasoning behind the wide use of gold is because how the color itself stags one feel. Gold conveys a feeling of joy for people it is also the color of the first place medal that one can receive at the Olympics. Just by the use of color Pantene has been able successfully apply pathos to evoke happy emotions towards using their product, which also make them believe that it is the first place product when it comes to hair care.One of the last key rhetorical devices that Pantene uses to convey their consumers to buy is the use of logos. Although there is not much of it utilise in this advertisement it still helps validate points for the product. Pantene makes a claim at the bottom of the advertisement that consumers will receive healthier hair in less(prenominal) than seven days. The placement of this statement also plays a role in the use of logos, by placing it at the very end it shows the consumer that on top of being a gold medal worthy product it also is effective almost immediately.The only thing that discredits this claim is that the Pantene product, which is a moister renewal, is compared to a non-conditioning shampoo. deflection from what the product was compared to, the claim still adds logic on to reason to use this product. When it comes to comparing your advertisement for Sleek and Shine to the Pantene advertisement it come outs that Sleek and Shine has its positives, but there are things that could defiantly be improved on. One of the major differences from your advert isement compared to Pantene is Garniers use of logos.The Sleek and Shine formula shows scientific evidence to back your claim of a three-day seal of sleekness. Also by including showing an actual picture of the raw materials used to make your new formula it makes it seem more logical that the product really works. Unfortunately one of the biggest down falls to your strongest rhetorical devices is the size of the text as well as layout. The circumstance that everything is so small these great details about the product can easily be over looked, resulting in less of a response than you should obtain.In summing up to the use of logos in the Sleek and Shine hair care we see a use of pathos. This use of emotional appeal those who want a product that works, but is also eco-friendly. By using a deep blue sky with bright white clouds and a bright green bottle it conveys the idea for the consumer that this product is infixed and pure, resulting in a positive effect on your hair. This pure outlook may also result in a happy reaction from clients because there are not unknown products being put into use on their body.Once again although this thought of purity can be illustrated to consumers, the layout still creates problems in the advertisement. A simple correction that could be applied to solve this problem would be to include information made about its natural recourses in a bigger and bolder text. One last place that your product may need to be overlooked to be revised has to do with the use of ethos. Although there is lots of scientific evidence to convey some sort of credibility, there is no direct evidence like testimonials or a quote from a credible source giving feed back on how well your product works.However one good thing that does work for this advertisement is that by not having a credible source like an Olympian it makes the product seem more relatable and that it is a product for the everyday woman. Over all as an advertisement the Sleek and Shine produ ct seems to be portrayed as a top product, but only if you look closely into the ad. Although the good password is that with a few slight revisions and rearranging this conclusion that this is a top product will jump right off the page and into a consumers head to influence them to buy your product.

Pessimism…just another form of reality? Essay

A glass is partially filled with water. Is it half emptyor is it half full?The day you provide to band your umbrella just happens to be the one and only day that the weathermen had not expected the torrential downpours that beat just tired of(p)e you take care wish a bedraggled water rat. Do you full and well accept the fact that, that would have happened and you hold open to berate yourself for forgetting your umbrellaor do you continue on the day with the thought that nothing could have been worse and the fact that rain is only just a bit of water?I am a natural born pessimistic who al looks expects the worse in any situation, no matter how positive the horizon may seek. I look at life as if it were just an amalgamation of wires all leading to the negative terminal. Any positive ray of hope is instantaneously hosed down into a scorched mark on the ground. Therefore, when I first read by dint of the novel the Lord of the Flies in my own spare time, I put that I was compel led by the fascinating slant that William Golding had taken on parliamentary procedure in general. To have the sheer courage to produce, what was considered to be nearly blasphemous at the time, deserves to be congratulated. If I wore a hat, then yes, I would indeed take my hat off to Golding, as he is truly worthy of such merits. chromatic Island. Law and Order. Lord of the Flies. War and riot.Imagine being stranded on an island. No one to disapprove your behaviour, no one to dictate your life. Too a good deal freedom can be a great sin. This example of free bequeath and no discip suck is clearly defined through the novel, the Lord of the Flies. A third of the way in, William Golding demonstrates the preliminary stages of pitying trans shitation, from the well-educated man to the savage beast. The first quaternary chapters stage the development of Jack, Ralph, Roger and piggy, who strive to find a clean way of life after being a hatfuloned on a desert island.Them fruit. This is the first example of how the children have lost throttle in line of their eating habits. kind of of sticking to the traditional three meals a day they ate until they were full or they ate as soon as they caught army of food. piggy in this case, has severe diarrhoea symptoms, as he has barely stuffed himself with fruit. Therefore, he has to constantly relieve the pain and concentration that contorted his rounded face when he had diarrhoea.As Ralph became conscious of the weight of his clothes he threw them off fiercely. So the well-dressed English School Boy disregarded his relation back to the real world and he felt as if he was finally in control of his life, nonetheless he did not realise that the law and order was slowly receding into the logy horizon. The distinction between the mild-mouthed male childs to the brutal fiend became clearer and clearer. To the other boys, a reminder of civilisation troubled them, however to oafish, the grey shirt was pleasing. The dis tant reminder of control and security of the adult world calmed his worries. In spite of that, it was neandertal who had been bitterly let down by the adult world, in which he had so more(prenominal) than faith. Nonetheless, for Jack, uniform resembled leader commit, a thing that he kept close to his gain vigort.Jack and the other bigguns were introduced as some kind of creature, walking in formation fag end their leader Jack. To get his hands on authority, Jack transformed his angelic black-cloaked choirboys into his hunters. The intimidating sinister black-bird look imposed on the rest of the chemical group was already daunting, and it slowly began to change. The wearily obedient choir simply changed one uniform for another. Their black caps slid over like berets, they had mad buzzing eyes, they had painted faces and long tomentum cerebri and they were camouflaged. Jacks sense of wrong and right spiralled out of control as he donned his new mask, which liberated him from sh ame and self-consciousness, which enhanced his urge to hunt. hoggish first saw the conch as a hope for rules and a way of forming a small council of leading. His superior intellect allowed him to think and make rational decisions. However, his inapt and unattractive appearance meant that he was shunted out from all the little groups, and all his ideas were dismissed without a concern. Unlike Coral Island, Lord of the Flies shows that a band of stranded boys will no longer remain civilised in the face of hunger, further will progressively subroutine rude and unruly. His eminent and apprised nature outclassed every being on the island and therefore led to him being shunted out like the runt. Before summoning everybody in front of the conch, Piggy had one clear aim to get rescued. He would do everything that his podgy hands would allow him to do, and if all the boys were to comply with his plans, they would be on the first ship back home. However, due to the lack of control and fi ght for leadership, any hope of going home grew faint.The embossed and delicate shell steadily grew dark and swampy as Jacks sooty hands clasped and unclasped it. The conch was a thing of beauty that Piggy caressed and carried safely under his arms. It brought the boys together and seemingly formed a civilised smart set. However, it was also the destruction of reality and life outside the island. Piggy felt that his thoughts could finally be voiced and that responsibility could be taken seriously, yet Jack whom believed that Piggy gurgleed too much forever and a day undermined him. Jack was the one who destinyed rules, leaders and hunters nevertheless, he was the first one to break them. During the course of the four chapters, his perspectives changed as he longed to hunt and kill a pig Kill the pig. Cut her throat. Spill her blood.The responsibility that came attached with headship was an added extra that Jack hadnt bargained for. When he could no longer resist the urge to hun t, he left his duty of keeping the give notice going, to rope more boys into his army and war-like chant. He only held mea certain(predicate) for the conch because it held a purpose for him, he needed it to become leader and without it, Ralph would be in control. Many dictators mirror his thoughts, while Piggy and the conch represent democracy. The rash and impetuous manner which clouds Jacks judgement is evident when he orders everyone to build a fire, but only then does he realise that he has no office of well-heeleding it.Spontaneous behaviour patterns suggested that the emotions of some boys would run wild, happy would become ecstatic and angry would become infuriated. So, with the joy of seeing lavish dead and feeling the burning heat, the hunters lost their senses and did not even to stop to listen to Piggy. Nonetheless, Piggy received his silent pleasure when the fact dawned on everyone in the company, that the fire had destructively burnt the rest of the firewood like a jaguar. They had lost their first find out of rescue and it dawned to many that they might not ever see that chance again. Due to Jacks impulsive behaviour, the fire was let out and their means of rescue dwindled.Coral Island. Group and leader. Lord of the Flies. Savages and Chief.Rogers eyelids fluttered as he felt the exhilarating satisfaction of trying to inflict pain on another human being (Henry). Rogers nature hardly changes through the book, but it becomes more and more apparent that Roger is an evil and malicious boy. The odd few times that Roger is mentioned, his presence leaves a foggy sobriety over the rest of the group of boys. Roger smiled unwillingly and nodded gravely. His solemn and daring looks give him an air of mystery.His true temperament is revealed when he starts to throw stones at Henry, but the taboo of his old life refrained him in truth harming Henry. This shows that law and order still lingers around the island, but not for very long. Rogers vindictive pleasure might overtake any sense of guilt or common sense. At the end of the fourth chapter, the crossed purposes of the main characters are clearly defined. Jack wants to hunt, Ralph wants to be rescued, Roger wants to hurt someone and Piggy wants to keep everything civilised. There is this air of joylessness about him as he smiles unwillingly and looks gravely. All his actions denote a sombre and deathly person who seems to have no enthusiasm or emotion inside him.Samneric symbolise the wavering in-betweens of everyday society. They are what the majority of the boys thought during the entire course of the book. Instead of needing to describe how every boy felt, Golding utilise Samneric as a means of describing and portraying the general atmosphere. As they were able to be influenced, it is obvious that they would follow anyone who seemed particularly strong in the leadership contest.At the beginning, due to the conch, they stayed closer to law and order. Nevertheless, as every thing began to digress into mayhem, they turned to the side on which they thought they would win. Their supreme goal was to survive through the whole ordeal and if that meant siding with the more savage party, then that is what they would have had to do win. Unlike Piggy, they were willing to give up in their beliefs in the hope of coming out on top. Yet, characters like Simon and Piggy always had faith in the outside world, and both rallied to help everyone find the truth.The beacon of light represents many things in the beginning of the novel. It symbolises jurisdiction and as it disappears, things start to fall apart. Simon, shown as a Christ-like figure resembles the peace and well fare of the Christian nature. Piggy uses his under stand to try and make sure that everyone is safe and functional. Ralph wants to use the conch to unite everybody. However, Roger and Jack are shadowing the light of the creamy pink conch. Their guilty scruples and malevolence cover the right path sh own by the conch and expose the depths of hell. Their only hope of civilisation without an adult is slowly retreating into the darkness of the opaque and mud-spattered conch.Furthermore, the chapter titles are an extension of how themes transform, not for the best, but in fact take a turn for the worse. There is a trace of hope with the beginning of the story being authorize The Sound of the Shell. It seems to portray that there is still a sense of civil obedience and if given the chance, the boys could lead life of structure. Yet, what we learn is that civilisation is only fell deep, and even though this scenario is set in the 1950s, its concept is ageless. Golding shows that when there is no adult-like figure or one of authority, patterns of behaviour will change. The deviation away from society was symbolised by the ominous chapter tiles Painted Faces and Long hair, A View to Death, and finally the Cry of the Hunters. Ultimately, the novel had climaxed into a random state of s heer pandemonium.Having analysed the main characters so far in the novel, it is evident each of the different characters represents a different part of society, thus showing that the island as a whole is a microcosm of the world. It portrays how society functions with different elements causing its downfall, or for those who are optimistic among us, causing its upbringing. The boys are allegorical as they convey a symbolic significance.So far it seems that everything has begun to turn sour and the typical 1950s English audience would have been very disapproving of these changes. Jacks continual submission from his opaque mad look made him even more sinister. As the eyes are typically thought of as the mirrors of the soul in literature, it is right to see that Jack had mad eyes, compared to the mild-mouthed Ralph. However, the thing that struck me most was the fact that nobody cared to notice the disappearance of the boy with the mulberry birthmark, until Piggy happened to mention it . This is one of the first factors that portray how no law and order had been established to keep a check of all those who were present in the surrounding local community.Enormity of the downward stroke. Jack could not possibly bring himself to kill the pig when he first had the chance consequently he made sure that at the next opportunity, he did what he thought was necessary. He killed the pig not only out of the urge to hunt, but out of the risk of being humiliated he didnt want to seem soft like Piggy. Jacks mask liberated him from shame and self consciousness and thus he was able to lead his pack (his former choirboys) in a march. As he progresses towards the murky depths of evil, Jack, like Roger shows no love or feeling. Everything he does is filled with vengeance and hatred, especially the way he venomously says shut up to Piggy. This antipathy is continued when he usurps Piggys glasses and then mocks Piggys impairing vision. The use of style to depict Jack is always climat ic, heated vibrant and imposing. He distances himself from the rest of society and also contributes to the deaths of Simon and Piggy.At the beginning of Chapter Five Beast from Water Ralph knows that everyone mustiness remain together is there is any hope of survival. Yet, nearing the end of the chapter, ambitions start to diverge and the group splits. Ralph simply cannot trust Jack any longer as he let the fire out therefore Ralph has to resort to keeping the fire going. This initial distinction between hunt and rescue is shown by the line two continents of experience and feeling unable to communicate. Ralph and Jack are so close, yet so far apart. They may be physically no more than a mile apart, but they are estranged in two completely different perspectives.Apart from the glimmering conch, another whiteness in the gloom was Simon. With an uncertain future waiting on the horizon, Simon had a perilous necessity to speak out and his greater natural understanding allowed him to look outside the disaster. He was able to see the world outside the microcosm of the island. The mystic and magical essence of his ability to see into a different dimension meant he was disdain by everyone, including Piggy. Simons heightened sense of awareness permitted him to see the beast for what it really was. Piggys contradictory rational nature meant that he found Simon slightly roughened to say the least. Nevertheless, Simon knew what mankinds essential illness was and he tried to everything in his power to show the rest of the boys.Coral Island. Friendship and warmth. Lord of the Flies. credit line lust and temptation.Imagine being stranded on an island which had been taken over by a wave of friendly fire. Oxymoronic as it may be, the fire used to be friendly, once, until it was used as an instrument of vengeance. The recurrent vicissitudes lead to the destruction of the island and some of the people on it. Jack was engulfed by the notion of doing a bounce and making sa crifices to solve his apparent problems, disparate to Piggy who knew of the imminent frenzy. As the basic elements of law and order break down, Roger tests the limits of leadership and friendship by standing against Jack. Even though he was in his element, when he started to act as the pig in the centre of the circle, he knew that he had to wait to reach his ultimate goal power.The moment of Simons death is a significant point in the novel, and perhaps is the most pregnant. If there had been any optimism on the island, it was in the form of Simon. His ethereality, reassurance and hushed tone of voice even made the pragmatic Piggy calm down. Coincidentally, the second Simon died the dead parachutist leaves the island from across the mountain top. The phosphorescence gave a insubstantial message to the rest of islanders. As it ebbed away in the receding waters, the storm seemed like the lyrical death of an innocent and saintly being. The halo effect created by the minuscule flies se nt out a feeling of true quintessence and integrity.Had there been a slight sliver of hope, it was diminished by the decease of the Piggy in the following chapters. Although Ralph sacrificed Piggys dignity by telling Jack his nickname, Ralph needed Piggy as he had the brains. Piggy was psyche and Ralph was essentially the doer. Without Piggy, Ralph would have not had the ideas, and without Ralph, Piggy could not have led a group of rowdy school boys. When first lighting the fire, Ralph to thinks of Piggy as a mere tool, but he soon realises how important Piggy us as he knows his own limitations Only, decided Ralph as he face up the chiefs seat, I cant think. Not like Piggy. When Ralph loses his grip in sanity, something flittered there in front of his mind like a bats wing, obscuring his idea he was highly dependent on Piggys comfort. Piggy had an obscene importance to Ralph, as whenever he was without Piggy, Ralph would hear Piggy calling him a kid.Ralph showed he cared for Pigg y by accompanying him to get his glasses back. He returns the warmth and confidence by telling Piggy you keep right close to me. His immense shock when Piggy died was portrayed by the thought that the silence was complete and Ralphs lips formed a watchword but no sound came. He even felt the alone in Piggys absence There was no Piggy to talk sense. The final resentment of hatred towards the adult world was portrayed when Ralph wept for the end of innocence and he mourned for the fall through the air of the true, wise friend called Piggy.committed with Piggys death is the demise of the conch. Piggys life ends with the conch clutched in his hands, meaning when Piggy is destroyed, law and order is destroyed as well. Piggy was the first person to see the conch, and was associated with it from start to finish. Always holding it in high regard, he was the only boy on the island who actually realised how important it was, so protecting it from Jack and Roger. He knew that it was the only thing keeping him sae from Jacks savages. Unseemingly so, Ralph also felt a kind of affectionate devotion with the conch after Simons death. He found comfort as he took the shell caressingly with both hands and knelt, leaning against the trunk.Beast from Water. Beast from Air.There was always that little beastie that would creep up from the shadows when your mummy had finished tucking you into bed and left you alone to face the death-defying journey through the night, every night. Every child has his or her own fear and William Golding used the Beast to execute an intense feeling of doubt and trepidation into the minds of the boys. The darkness of mans heart is the evil that everyone will have to overcome, yet, the consternation will differ from person to person. There was the literal beast, which Jack and his savages made ritualistic sacrifices to, in an attempt to keep it pleased. This shows that the tribe believed in the materialistic values and rites the out ancestors used to believe in. The dead parachutist symbolises how, if not given the time to think, man would return to their basic animal instincts.On the other hand, more scientific and pragmatic boys like Simon and Piggy saw through this faade. Even though he had been ostracised because of he was in the centre of the loving derision. Piggys supreme intellect would simply not allow him accept the ideas of beasties. Simons numinous temperament means that he isnt suppress by the Beast, like the littluns. The Beast is the root of all evil, and the crescendo at the beginning of the chapter showed us (by personification) that an inanimate object was taking on a human form. Simon is like the Bringer of Truth, and after he has found out who the beast really is, he tried to enlighten the whole tribe, as the personal inconvenience means nothing to him. His motivation to tell to the truth as soon as possible led him to his death.The reason the boys have been stranded on the island is because the have been e vacuated from the mantic dangers of war in the adult world. It was only by fluke that the officer happened to land on the island just in time to save Ralph from being savagely murdered. Our imagination need not be let loose to imagine the horrific events that would have followed, had the officer not whistled in embarrassment at the sight before him. The memories of ages ago would not have returned to the savages, had they not seen a sign of authority.Being only fifteen when writing this essay, I cannot say that I have had all the experience, but I consistently find that people around me try to shelter my knowledge and push me deeper into the confinements of safety. Yet, surely there has to be a limit to how far you can ground a child and hide them from the truth? As adults are able to corrupt the world in which we live in, they try to blindfold us, in the name of protection. So, arent you just teaching us to blindly blunder into life?I am sure that you will agree with me in saying that William Golding wasnt a pessimist. Though the people of his time may have branded him with innumerate foul names, you must believe that he only showed the virulent realities of the human nature. So if everything in the Lord of the Flies was written by William Golding, his ideas must have a tag end of credible reality. The worsening, mood, weather and scenery all contributed to the hazardous conclusion. These aspects werent pessimistic to say the least they were just showing the veritable truth. Unpalatable as it may be, the truth has to be adhered to and novels like Coral Island only seem to be handing out sugar-filled table spoons of hope. Hope in a whimsical world that simply does not exist.Coral Island. Optimism, definitely, and fantasy. Lord of the Flies. Pessimism, maybe, but reality.

Legal and ethical issues Essay

I entrust explain the legal and honorable issues relating to the use of business teaching. I will try to obtain ASDAs policies on ethical issues in relation to business information and explain how they comply with their legal obligations.Asda aswell as many other businesses store and use information about the general public. To help protect business information there are laws made that a business has to follow. There is a entropy apology act (1998) that was made to ensure information was protected. This meant that any information stored by a business must be, obtained lawfully, used but for the purposes stated during collection, accurate and up to date, etc. Asda Our Privacy Mission StatementAt Asda, we value the trust placed in us by customers, suppliers and colleagues who give us their personal data. Data security is one of our highest priorities and we aim to be as clear as possible about what we do with personal data and why we do it. Asda ensures their customers on their w ebsite (asda/privacypolicies.com) that our information is secured. They explain what they use and do with your private details.They also offer people the opportunity yo change their registration details. Asda explain how the address of the customer is only used for delievery purposes only and no reason other than that Your date of birth is given to provide proof to asda that you are at the age to pruchase certain items much(prenominal) as, alchol or insurance.Ethical issues within a business are moral principles concerning acceptable and unacceptable behaviour within a working environment. Asdas Ethics contentionOur corporate ethical responsibilitiy is to ensure George is recognised by customers and colleagues as a trusted and innovate leader in the field of ethical sourcing and enviromental protection and everyplace the last two years we are focused on 3 main areas Ethical, sustainable packaging and recycling Etical codeAt george we are founded members of the ethical trade inita tive (ETI) and usethis as a starting point for our ethical standards. Over the past 10 years ASDA?George has worked hard to promote the welfare of workers in the countries from which we have source. Asda explain that ETI is the Base code, which addresses such points as child labour, forced labour, working hours, freedom of association and living wage). All sites that want to produce for Asda/George, will recieve an initial audit. This will help george decided if the site is good for use.If the site is voted green and there are no issues found the site will non be revisted for the minimum of 2 years, if the sire is given yellow this would mean there are minimal issues within the site and are given an performance plan for a years time. Orange or (most cases) Red there are major violations occulation child labour, the site will have a 30 day appeal, before being delisted. RecyclingAsda aim to ensure their george departments are zero waste. They aim to do this by either selling all b lood line to customers, and any damaged and recycable clothing to the New Life Foundation. Also Asda give any undamaged and un-sold stock to the salvation army.

The Neighbourhood Principle

Has The Neighbourhood Principle failed? My neighbour asked me if he could use my lawnmower and I told him of course he could, so long as he didnt take it out of my garden. 1 This is the concept which most plurality tend to partner the word neighbour with. However, in the accost room, the word makes a decisive shift away from this traditional meaning and endeavours to establish to whom a common law duty of c ar is owed. The law has expanded considerably by the onset of the concept of foreseeable plaintiffs which is almost 80 years in existence in the UK.It is evasive in determining whether proximity should now be regarded as a discrete analytical concept around which arguments may be constructed, or merely as a slippery expression reflective of the fairness, honestice and healthyness of imposing a duty of care upon the defendant in the idle of the nature of his relationship with the claimant. 2 This essay sets out to establish whether the neighbour principle was successful or if it has fallen short and where, it will present motor inn decisions, statutes and constitutional provisions pertinent to this area of law.In articulating what was meant by the neighbour principle, Lord Atkin famously stated the following proposition The rule that you must erotic love your neighbour becomes in law you must not injure your neighbour and lawyers question, who is my neighbour? receives a restricted reply. You must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions 1 2 Eric Morecombe (English comedian, 1926-84) Hartstone, J. , Confusion, contradiction and chaos within the House of Lords post Caparo v. Dickman, (2008) 16 civil wrong L Rev 8 which you can moderately foresee would be liable to injure your neighbour?The answer seems to be persons who are so closely and directly affected by my act that I ought reasonably to eat them in contemplation as cosmos so affected when I am directing my mind to the acts or omissions which are called in question. 3 His definition was to become the foundation stone of later nerves involving negligence and was, in due course, genuine as the first univocal shew of when a duty of care was owed. 4 Atkins statement has clearn rise to much discussion. At first, some displayed uneasiness at the precise wide and flexible terms in which it was propounded 56.It is important to remark that this neighbour principle formed part of the ratio decidendi of Atkins judgment but that it cannot be said that it is the ratio decidendi of his decision. For although both Lord Thankerton and Lord Macmillan contemplated the addition of new duties to the law of negligence, neither of them attempted to formulate the principle or principles upon which this might be done. Nor is the generalising onslaught of the neighbour principle appropriate to the criminal law, where precision and certainty are all-important. 7 As a consequence of the Donaghue v.Stevenson 1932 case in the UK, the people were given a potential remedy to take aga inst the providers of consumer products even where no privity contract had been in existence between the 3 4 Ibid at 580 Connolly, U. , Tort Law, (Second Audition, Thomson Reuters (Professional) Ireland Limited, Dublin, 2009) at 16 5 Smith v. Howdens Ltd 1953 N. I. 137 per Lord MacDermott C. J. 6 London Graving Dock Co. Ltd. v. Horton 1951 A. C. 736 7 Heuston, R. F. V. , Salmond on the Law of Torts, 17th edition, (Sweet & Maxwell, London, 1977) at 198 plaintiff and the individual or company tortfeasors.If the proviso for ascertaining that a duty of care was met, then such individuals could bring negligence claims in any situation. The dictum was accepted into Irish law in Kirby v. Burke 1944. 8 The decision in this case stands on the boundaries of actionable negligence,9 and does not contend nor purport to give guidance on the obligations arising from already distinguished duties, or in fact, recognisable relationships e. g. that of occupier and visitor. 10 Sometimes the peculiar( prenominal) duty can subsist contemporaneously with the Atkinian duty,11 but sometimes it displaces it. 2 Duties may be divided into those owed to someone else i. e. if it was imposed for the wellbeing of that someone else13 and duties owed to no one in particular i. e. if it was not imposed for the benefit of a particular individual but was imposed for the benefit of the community as a whole or for the benefit of some section of the community. 14 In an ever conscious society, there was much need for the modernisation of the law with regard to the wider duties and especially the neighbourhood principle. The Anns v.Merton15 case brought about the two-stage test in order to ascertain 8 9 Kirby v. Burke 1944 I. R. 207 Smith v. Howdens Ltd. 1953 N. I. 131, 137, per Lord MacDermott C. J. 10 Smith v. Scott 1973 Ch. 314 11 Commissioners for Railways v. McDermott 1967 A. C. 1054 12 Commissioners for Railways v. Quinlan 1964 A. C. 1054 13 Bagshaw, R. and McBride, N. , Tort Law, (Pearson Edu cation Limited, Essex, 2001) at 3 14 Ibid at 3 15 Anns. v. Merton London Borough Council 1978 A. C. 728 the existence of a duty of care in negligence.Lord Wilberforce initiated the requirement of I. II. A sufficient relationship of proximity based upon foreseeability16 And secondly, the deliverance of reasons as to why a duty of care should not exist. In 1990, concerns arose with regard to the duty of care. 17 Lord Bridge and Oliver in Caparo sought to remove any temptation on the part of the practitioners to view proximity as a discrete legal concept capable of precise application to the resolution of legal disputes. Instead, encouragement was given to view proximity in descriptive terms rather than as a definitive concept. 18 This time a three-stage test was introduced to establish a duty of care I. II. III. Foreseeability of damage was required, A relationship characterised by neighbourhood19 And that it would be fair, just and reasonable to impose a duty which would benefit the other party. The Caparo tripartite approach made no germ to the concept of policy. Instead, Lord Bridge spoke only in terms of a duty of care being imposed where the 16 17 18 Ibid at 741 Caparo Industries Plc v. Dickman 1990 2 A. C. 605 Op cit 2 as per judgment of Lord Atkin Caparo v.Dickman (2008) 16 Tort L Rev Caparo v. Dickman (2008) 16 Tort L Rev 8Lawbook Co. at 13 8Lawbook Co. at 13 19 court considered that it would be fair, just and reasonable to do so. 20 It is also interesting to note that a two-part test is now in place in certain jurisdictions, e. g. New Zealand, for novel fact circumstances where the finding of a duty now has to be balance against applicable policy matters. 21 The two-step test established in Donaghue22 and later developed in Anns23 was that accepted by the Irish courts until 2002 until the decision of Glencar exploration Plc v.Mayo County Council 2002. 24 This case marked the adaptation of a two-step test which gave precedence to the incrementalist appr oach25 that was being applied in the English courts at the time. Implications of the decision in this case made by the Supreme Court became blatant in the case of Fletcher v. Commissioners of usual Works. 26 A plaintiff who suffered reasonably foreseeable psychiatric injury, which had resulted from the defendants negligence towards him as his employer, was denied the damages awarded to him by the Supreme Court on policy grounds. 27 This new approach is much more sympathetic. Since 2005, proximity has once again come to the fore with regards to decisions made by the House, some of their Lordships have adopted it as a important analytical tool for disposing of appeals. 28 Thus, the notion that this principle of 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Ibid at 13 Scott Group Ltd. v. McFarlane 1978 1 N. Z. L. R. 553 Op cit. 4 Op Cit 19 Glencar Exploration Plc v. Mayo County Council 2002 1 I. R. 84 Class notes on Negligence authored by Connolly, U. , distributed by Hackett. C. Fletcher v.Commissione rs of Public Works in Ireland 2003 2 I. R. 465 Byrne & Binchy, Annual Review of Tort Law, (2003) at 526 Op cit 26 at 13 proximity could have been elevated to the dignity of being a concept in its own right29 originated. It is subsequently unclear now as to whether it should be regarded as a discrete analytical concept around which arguments may be constructed, or merely as a slippery expression reflective of the fairness, justice and reasonableness of imposing a duty of care upon the defendant in the light of the nature of his relationship with the claimant. 30 To bring to a close, the term neighbour and proximity clearly have a much wider interpretation physical proximity, causal proximity or indeed the denotation of a legal relationship. Furthermore, if this test is satisfied, it is then up to the court to decide whether any policy reasons (or otherwise) exist so as not to acknowledge a duty of care in that particular case. The elusiveness of how this dictum is interpreted may ne ver be resolved. It is the application of policy to novel situations of what is fair, just and reasonable that has instigated the advancement of the neighbour principle.In other fields of law, the broader legal concepts of reasonableness and unconscionability are applied every day. The courts are in a state of uncertainty with regard to the dictum. It is evident that the law has had to expand considerably. So perhaps, in the future, the test of fair, just and reasonable as displayed in the Glencar31 case will be triumphant due to its conversion of the practical, everyday test for negligence into the legal test. Despite having its flaws, it chill out makes the law comprehensible to all. 29 30 31 Ibid at 13 Ibid at 13 Op cit 34

Causes and Consequences of the Deep Rooted Conflict among Hindus Buddhists and Muslims Essay

Religion is a deeply rooted aspect in mankind. Since the former(a) civilizations, human beings use up developed in much(prenominal) a way there is worship of theology beings. Though there atomic number 18 many aspects of business, the act of common worship of these deities and practices is major. At most(prenominal) times, semipolitical and economic factors argon to blame for conflicts around the world. However, some of the conflicts have been caused by religion. The differences in the worship of deities and the practices have from early civilizations resulted in quarrels and supremacy battles amongst the different religions. This document will review the causes and consequences of the deep-rooted conflict among deuce-ace of the known worldwide religions namely Hindus, Buddhists, and Muslims.CausesMost of the religious conflicts among the Muslims, Buddhists and Hindus have resulted from the stance taken by to for each one(prenominal) one of the religions. These standpoints can be said to emanate from the texts used for reference in this case the scriptures by each of the religions. This in return has led to the rise of fundamentalists. The interpretation of the scriptures over the years has been done in such a way that each of the religions fundamentalists hold their scripture as the only authority with regard to the truth. For the Muslims, the volume is their guide and the teachings of Muhammad are to be followed by all. For the Hindus, the worship of Gods and adhering to the teachings of the Vedas is the right form of religion. The Buddhists on the other raft will refer to the works of Buddha for guidance. The fundamental principles taken by each of the three religions is what has led to the sodding(a) conflict (Dressler & Arvind-pal, 201).Four major selection criteria result in the differences. One of them is faith. At most times, decisions that are made as a result of faith are determined by societal and pagan factors. This understanding is h owever non taken into consideration by the fundamentalists who determine faith by the lawfulness of the text used for reference. The Muslims belief is based on the Koran, which to them is the only true scripture. The Hindus on the other bowl over base their faith in the teachings of the Veras and Buddhists their belief in the teachings of Buddha. This difference results in conflict (Neville, 173).The other banner that has led to the long spanning conflict by the three religions is on prophecies. For each of the religions, there are prophecies that are held dear by the followers. Deemed to be correct, the prophecies are used to validate the scriptures or reference books. The Muslims will non deem prophecies made by the Buddha or the Hindus seers revelations as correct and true. The Hindus will not believe Muhammads prophecies or those of Buddha. The Buddhists will not believe in neither the prophecies in the Koran or those proclaim by Hindu seers, gurus or sages. This prophecy based differences have and will always culminate in conflicts (Dressler & Arvind-pal, 198).Morals are also a part of the selection criteria used by the three religions contribute to the deep-rooted conflicts. For each of the three religions, only their reference texts or the beings of their worship can dictate what is chastely right. Everybody else is wrong. The Muslims will consider it immoral for a woman to go in public without a Burkha. This enroll of dressing in women is not stressed by the Hindus or Buddhists. For the Hindus, cows are sacred and should not be slaughtered. Buddhists on the other hand do not have strict or particular proposition actions considered immoral but leaves it to individuals to judge themselves. Such differences in what to consider as a sin or wrong has continued to fuel the religious conflict (Dressler & Arvind-pal, 178).The last selection criterion that has fueled the wars surrounded by the Muslims, Buddhists and Hindus is on popularity. Each of th e three religions wants to be more popular than the other, thus in most times, each of the groups feels threatened by the other. Muslims will fight any other religion apart from their own. This is reciprocated by the Buddhists and Hindus where each will want to dominate thus the never ending supremacy battles spiraling into conflicts (Neville, 120).ConsequencesThe religious conflicts amid Muslims, Hindus and Buddhists have negatively affected the society. One of the outcomes has been social instability in the affected regions. The constant overture of Buddhist temples and Mosques in India has affected the region. Religious conflicts have evolved and now act as automatic flashpoints for ill will and upset. Constant fights have and continue to break out among the three religions believers. In Myanmar, Indonesia there is constant personnel between Buddhists and Muslim believers. This is also witnessed in Sri Lanka with a minority Muslim who are constantly attacked by Buddhist advoc ates. These happenings have led to violence related acts such as sex crimes and destruction of property, fuel instability further (Adian et al., 155).Loss of lives is also an outcome of religious conflicts. This is more evident in Asia, where most of the conflicts have occurred. In India, communal rioting in 1949 between the Hindus and Muslims resulted in deaths. In 1992, there was an belch of riots all over the country which led to the killing of thousands of Muslim faiths. In Mumbai, there was loss of lives when the Bodh Gaya, a revered Buddhist site was bombed (Adian et al., 180).ConclusionAs long as there will be different religions, each with its own practices and teachings, the human world will always be locked in religion conflicts. Striking a balance where Muslims, Hindus and Buddhists all come together is impossible. The presence of the fundamentalists believing and preaching the righteousness of their own religion will always cause conflicts.ReferencesAdian, Donny G, and Gadis Arivia.Relations between Religions and Cultures in Southeast Asia Indonesian Philosophical Studies, I. Washington, D.C Council for Research in Values and Philosophy, 2009. Print.Dressler, Markus, and Arvind-pal S. Mandair.Secularism and Religion-Making. New York Oxford University Press, 2011. Internet resource.Neville, Robert C.Religion in Late Modernity. capital of New York State University of New York Press, 2002. Internet resource.Source document

Choosing Between an Objective and Projective Test for Children

Choosing Between an Objective and Projective running play for Children The Dood Caoek Joms University It has been observed that there has been a growing acceptance and understanding to the necessity and value of genius testing. It is at this stage in time where there is increasing demand and consumption for such services, met by a diverse range of offerings, it is important to know the ideal service to meet unrivalleds needs.Keeping this in mind, this essay will attempt to compare and contrast among two known personality tests, the louver-factor record Inventory-Children (FFPI-C), an objective test, and the Rotter incomplete sentences blank (RISB), a projective test, as to their resemblingities, differences, advantages, disadvantages and suitability for children.The two mentioned tests, the RSIB and FFPI-C are similar in that they use a scoring guide provided, whereby responses are given scores which are use to identify specific states or predictions about the unfastened d eep down their respective manual, providing for standardization and consistency in evaluation (Rogers, Bishop, Lane, 2003, p. 239 Klingbeil, 2009, p. 61). Another similarity is that both(prenominal) tests are easily administered either to an individual or vainglorious groups without need for special environmental or situational prerequisites for a general administration.A more significant similarity is that both tests are capable of either testing for a subjects deviation from a commonwealth norm or for a specific trait within a subject (Churchill & Crandall, 1955, p. 345 McGhee, Ehrler, Buckhalt, 2007, p. 207). As seen from above, the similarities between the two tests are confined largely to the method acting of assessment and also the ease of administrating the tests. The differences nevertheless deject from the fundamentals of what the tests aim to get from the subjects and how the assessor views the responses from the subjects.The RISB aims to illicit projective responses that contains emotive and referencing elements from its subjects, in a situation whereby the usance and or method of assessment is unknown (Rogers, Bishop, Lane, 2003, p. 236). The subject under those circumstances will be otiose to attempt responding in favor for a particular outcome, and even if the subject attempts to respond neutrally to emulate a non-response, the indicated non-response or even a refusal to provide any input in itself is a consideration within the RISB scoring guide. The RISB however has a cut-off point to the number of omitted or ncomplete responses wherein hit or exceed would try the test voided (Rotter & Willerman, 1947, p. 45). Responses from the RISB when scored objectively as according to the manual will allow for the assessor to make an abbreviation based on its established baseline. Given situations whereby a deeper analysis is required, an experienced practitioner can utilize psychodynamic interpretation to distributively analyze for each one of the response, wherein various aspects such as time taken for responses, core and even the tone or language used are taken into consideration for specific meanings or relations (Rogers, 1978, p. 137). The FFPI-C in contrast is objective in its nature whereby participants are required to fill up a questionnaire where two opposing views are place upon a single line, presenting them with five choices of appreciating either one of the views in terms of agree or somewhat agree on each side, and a in between selection which participants are encourage to avoid using unless if they are unsure as to how they have about a given question(McGhee, Ehrler, Buckhalt, 2007, p. 02). The FFPI-Cs objective style of testing differs from the RISBs projective stance in the sense that the subjects are limited to given choices of responses to specific questions. That is not to say that the FFPI-C is in any government agency inferior to the RISB due to the limitation of a subjects response, but simply tha t the approach is basically different (Masling, 1997, p. 265).The advantage in the objective testing method of the FFPI-C is that it is straight forward and that it leaves little way of life for abnormalities or unprecedented responses that would be beyond what the inventory encompasses. Unlike the RISB, the FFPI-C relies upon the adherence to its given guidelines when scoring, leaving nevertheless go on interpretation of the results when necessary to the assessors discretion (McGhee, Ehrler, Buckhalt, 2007, p. 203). The FFPI-Cs objective of testing would be ideal in a situation whereby the subject is honest and sincere in answering the question.However, if the subject was to be unwilling to or has a disposition to provide for incorrect responses, such as a child would try to answer in favor of a more positive manner to yarn-dye or conceal certain details, then the scores gathered will result in a wrong interpretation of the subjects state (Masling, 1997, p. 264). The RISB has an upper hand in that aspect as mention previously in that it does not provide any hints on how the scoring will go or the implications of a response, thus making any form of deliberate bias or inaccurate response very difficult especially for a child.Furthermore, the RISBs projective nature allows for the assessor to look further read into a single or a train of responses to draw relational or contextual interpretations. This will allow for picking out nuances and valuable nurture that would have been lost in the FFPI-Cs objective testing. To administer the FFPI-C on a larger scale, for example within a instruct population, would be ideal in that it may be administered and assessed on either paper or computer. The FFPI-C due to its order question and answer structure can be digitally scored without error, allowing for fast yielding of analysis (Masling, 1997, p. 64). The RISB however in this case is limited in its methods of assessment in the sense that it has to be scored by h and, with each response taken into consideration. Within a large setting such as a school population, the RISB may take much more time to be scored and there is also the possibility of the event of human error in scoring the responses. As one can observe from the above points, there are pros and cons attributed to each of the tests and that each one of the tests is suited best for a specific situation.But as furthermost as suitability for child testing goes, the RISB is shown to be the choice test to use, reason being as mentioned, there is little indication from the test structure whereby a child may determine what would be the favorable answer to give or pick, the response yielded from the test may contain secondary information beyond the standardized scores and the assessment method that requires for the evaluator to score each response individually will further enhance the emphasis on each input made.Much as the FFPI-C is reliable and efficient, it does not account for as much depth as the RISB is capable of with its utilization of psychodynamic applications. Reference Churchill, R. (1955). The reliability and severity of the rear end incomplete sentences test. Journal of consulting psychology. 19, 345-350. Klingbeil, D. , A. (2009). Test review A review of the five factor personality inventorychildren. 35, 61-64. doi 10. 1177/1534508408326248 Masling, J. , M. (2010). On the nature and utility of projective tests and objective tests. Journal of personality assessment. 69 2, 257-270. McGhee, R. , L. , Ehler, D. , J. , Buckhalt, J. A. (2008). Test Reviews Five factor personalityinventory Children. 262, 202-209. doi. 10. 1177/0734282907312830 Rogers, K. , E. , Bishop, J. , Lane, R. , C. (2003). Consideration for the use of incompletesentence tests. Journal of contemporary psychotherapy. 33 3, 235-242. Rogers, G. (1978). Content analysis of the rotter incomplete sentences blank and theprediction of behaviour ratings. Educational and psychological measurem ent. 38,1135-1141. doi. 10. 1177/001316447803800434 Rotter. , J. , B. & Willerman, B. (1947). The incomplete sentences test as a method of studyingpersonality. Journal of consulting psychology. 111, 43-48.

Minorities Should Have the Same Civil Rights as Everyone Else

Most of us argon used to macrocosm part of the larger portion of the party. We are so used with the manner of which democracy makes finiss, that is through the decision of the studyity. This is our viewpoint of decision making, but an alarming issue is that we buy the farm to canvass and hear what sm only tolder groups in the society would want to say. If this is the case, indeed our society will rebriny unjust and unequal to the volume and the minorities. Therefore, we all live in an imperfect society. Therefore if we want to achieve a society that could even pick out close to being perfect, we have to give equal well-behaved rights to minorities.There exist variations of types of minorities or smaller groups indoors the society. They could be racial or ethnic, religious, gender and sexual, age, disabled, and other small groups within the society. As we can see here, at that place is a wide range of minority types. That just means that they are distributed within the so ciety. If we besides give it more thought, if these minorities were to count as one, the sum of them all could be greater than the majority. That could just meant that they should be ploughed equally as the society mete outs the majority. But why does the society do not treat the minorities as it should?There are many factors that prevent the society to grant equality to the minorities. One of the major problems of this issue is ethics. Universalism, Utilitarianism, natural law ethics, Kantian ethics, and other ethics that are in favor to the majority are much more popular than ethics that favors a particular group in the society. For me, the society seems to be configured in such a way that it only works for the many and is ordain to sacrifice the small groups. Actually, the way society treats minorities contradicts the functions that the society was originally designed for. (Morigiwa 102)Inequality of rights between the majority and the minorities for certain contradicts the United States Declaration of Independence. The Declaration of Independence explicitly communicates to us that we should always bear in mentality that all men are should treat distributively other as equals. It also tells us that each and e truly one us are given rights by God himself. (Boyd & Gawalt)It seems that the whole of society itself is the main source of the problem why minorities are treated unequally. The designers of the Declaration of Independence had foreseen that inequalities (like what minorities are experiencing right now) are the whole countrys problem. So that is why they have formulated laws to tell us to treat each other equally. It seems that inequality or marginalization is inevitable in a society. We always fail to treat others passably as we treat ourselves.Even though our society claims to be a religious and honorable one, again it seems to contradict itself. Even the holy books of word religions want to communicate to us something about this topic. For Christians, the book of account has told its readers to treat others as they would have wanted others to treat them. The Koran also teaches us to be fair with our fellow men. The message of every world religion seems to be equality. The Buddhists golden decree is al closely synonymous what the Bible has to say about treating others.Marginalization of minorities is prevalent in the society. Little do most of us know that this marginalization has certain effects to the society. We may have been worthless unknowingly suffering from consequences of marginalization of minorities.It seems that depriving civil rights to minorities will cause everyone within the society certain problems. Inequality in civil rights causes the whole system not to function smoothly.Mullaly has explored through this problem to give us some soma of much needed clarity regarding the issue of minorities. He had shown us how the personal becomes political. He pointed out that there is a need to recognize that s ocial problems are certainly related to the larger structures of the society, this causes varying forms of subjugation of members of the society. This will lead them to reject the ideas of those who arent familiar to them, thus resulting to marginalization of minorities. (Mullaly)He also pointed out that it is very important for us to recognize that oppression exists in the society. There is a great need for a non-judgmental and unbiased attitude by every members of the society. (Mullaly) Marginalization of minorities clearly hampers the productivity of the workforce. We should always bear in mind that these minorities make up more than half of our workforce, the workforce that all of us are deep dependent on.As a conclusion, it seems that everyone doesnt want marginalization of minorities. The society has laws that are carefully constructed to avoid such inequality in civil rights. But unfortunately, inequality of rights seems to be more prevalent in the society. Something must b e done about the problem. It should be something that the whole of society should be thinking over. We see general the implications of inequality in civil rights in the forms of poverty, political chaos, never-ending disputes. Im sure that all of us want a better place to live in. We all want to improve our living conditions. We should start by eliminating the flaw that makes our society imperfect. Maybe if we all learn to treat others as our equals, then we maybe not really far from the perfect society that we all aspire for.Works CitedMullaly, B. Oppression The point of Social Work. Don Mills Oxford UniversityPress. 2007Boyd, Julian. The United States Declaration of Independence The Evolution of Text. US LIB OF CONGRESS. 1999 Morigawa, Yatsumoto. Universal nonage Rights? A Transnational Approach. Franz SteinerVerlag. 2004

Podcasting Package Is A Viable Alternative Tool Discussion Education Essay

This chapter presents the surveies treatment. It provides an chance to explicate the conditional congenator of the findings and topographic point the research within a broader context.Major findingsAnalysis of the findings provides cubic yard that the podcasting bundle is a feasible pass over tool to utilize when back uping nestlings s literacy development in twelvemonth 2. However the procedure i.e. the activities intentional to scaffold the kids to the point of bring forthing a podcast, was the factor that elicited betterments in the kids s actors line return and consultation and non the recording of the podcast itself ( the merchandise ) .However it was of import that the kids saw the concluding podcast as the merchandise a mark that the activities would win them towards. Findingss from, and analysis of propoundations confirmed that the merchandise ( the podcast ) was the incentive for the kids instead than an indispensable mass of their acquirement. It provided the kids with a intent. This concurs with DfES ( 2004 ) findings that more positive motive resulted if engineering science was foc personad around the larning instead than used to back up learning. The kids themselves identified that as a top acting group they had fewer chances to entree engineering than less(prenominal) able kids in their category. hence an another(prenominal) type of engineering could hold motivated this group to use up their end it can non be generalised that it was the podcast that offered pull . N unitarytheless, though kids s responses about liking paper would look to belie it, I person everyy feel voice and audience would necessitate to be characteristics of the engineering chosen as a word processor type application all would non actuate in the same fashion.Meaning and importance of the findingsThis research began two old ages ago fol pooring a successful ascertain to the TDA for support. The TDA regularly financess e-learning undertakings for instr uctor preparation suppliers as they recognise the importance of ICT skilled practicians in the workplace ( TDA 2005 online ) . two old ages is a life-time in a digital universe but particularly in relation to instruction engineerings. Though the engineering used in this survey was found to be motivational, it still contend a outstanding helping in the procedure as without it the kids would hold lost focal point. then in reply to the research inquiry, can a Podcasting procedure support Literacy in a social class 2 schoolroom? yes as portion of a procedure it can. Two old ages ago, Web 2.0 engineering was a twinkle in person s digital oculus . Now it is the pillar of numerous digital applications ( Godwin Jones 2005 ) . Although MP3 participants were ab initio sole to Apple Macintosh, young coevals nomadic phones now combine MP3 and other communicating engineerings in one orderly bundle. Huge advancement in a short un measuringd of clip. As Bull ( 2005, p.25 ) states, MP3 participants much(prenominal) as the Apple iPod wipe out become the mechanism for distribution of medicinal drug for today s young person but as the atomic number 48 and vinyl records filled this fly the coop for old coevalss. Educational utilizations of podcasting physique on the foundation of this cultural phenomenon . This presents both challenge and chance.When podcasts argon stagger to the Internet, through Web 2.0 engineering, the ensuing RSS ( Truly Simple Syndication ) feeds allow kids to lend to each other s work, wherever in the universe they may be. For case some(a)what web sites ask kids to add lines to poems, throw portion in quizzes or append chapters to partially written on-line books. As Halsey ( 2007 ) asserts kids can put across the universe into the schoolroom and take their larning out into the universe with Web 2.0 engineering. clearly so the potency for podcasting as an educational tool is phenomenal, but non merely in literacy lessons. Nevert heless the study revealed that sure engineerings were characteristics in the render group s places. Attitudes towards a engineering seem to alter with its age hence attitude towards the gold of the motivational tool should besides be considered.So how might kids s attitudes towards podcasting and livery production and consultation as a whole affect their public presentation in this type of exercising? It seems from agone tendencies that podcasting itself ordain hold a shelf life as todays digital indigens become tomorrows digital immigrants and todays techno moldiness rich persons become tomorrows digital dinosaurs . Positive attitudes and motive for podcasting engineering, as it is now, will be lost. Newer technologies appear to be communicating based as Web 2.0 capablenesss move toward an even greater interactivity. This of class will help keep a positive attitude to blabing and listening, in a virtual environment, through a combination of networking sites and digital hardw atomic number 18 such(prenominal) as webcams. The usage of Embodiments 1 is one illustration of such a combination. converse and storytelling have stood the trial of clip and I would expect this will go on but how we do it in the hereafter will alter every bit will the size and nature of the audience.In his proposal to radically pass the primary course of study, Alexander et Al. ( Primary Cambridge Review, DCSF 2009 online ) recognises verbalise linguistic communication as cardinal to larning, civilization and life, but acknowledges it is much more outstanding in the course of study of more other states ( p24 ) . Possibly this could be the footing for higher accomplishment in other states instead than the ulterior school get downing age frequently identified. Reading and composing, as with other reappraisals ( DfES 2006a ) once more predominate in this reappraisal with speech production and listening one time once more dawdling behind. The authorities ( DfES 2007, DCSF 2009a ) is proclaiming that speech production and hearing argon the foundations for all other larning so why? Why be we still turn toing reading and composing maiden? Writing is simply a method for entering ideas. Ideas can besides be spoken and/or recorded into a podcast. This would be improbably emancipating for those kids who find it hard to compose things down. Podcasting offers equal chances for all ages and abilities an comprehensive digital tool.In the late 1980 s the National Oracy Project ( National Curriculum Council 1992 ) recommended giving speech production and listening a higher profile and yet more than 20 old ages by and by we argon still doing the same errors. I would wish to see this research will hold deduction and add force per unit res publica to this on-going argument nevertheless unchanging fortunes, yesteryear and nowadays, would propose otherwise.Findingss in relation to other surveiesPrensky ( 2001, 2008, 2009 ) , Buckingham ( 2004, 2007 ) and Mars h et Al. ( 2006 ) high spot ours is a digital universe and yet many schools still fail to recognize the significance or importance of skilling kids to get by with an progressively digital and altering landscape. Technology is going more advance(a) and is increasingly being aimed at and designed for young consumers. Palmer ( 2007 p.3 ) suggests that, culture has evolved faster than our biological science and this is damaging kids s ability to believe, learn and act . Prensky ( 2009 ) would dissent saying that exposure to engineering is altering kids s encephalon fabricateion and demanding a new manner of larning which relies on wisdom. The picayune size of the cohort used for this research would symbolize that the findings offer no important support of either Prensky s or Palmer s stance. However the podcasting bundle offered kids a blended acquisition environment comprised of group treatments and engineering usage. This would shrive them from harm to their thought, larning an d behaviour that Palmer infers can go on. These three subjects are besides recognized benefits of group working ( Baines et al. 2008 ) .The relevancy of the findingsVygotsky ( 1976 ) wrote that speech production and thought are virtually linked. The procedure of speech production helps kids to larn through jointing their ideas and on that pointfore developing the constructs indispensable to understand the universe. Communication and understanding improve with pattern. Therefore, the chance to speak is critical in order to develop apprehension. If nil else, promoting and valuing talk conveys the message that communicating is of import both hearing and speech production are the foundations for communicating so raising their profile is a good terminal in itself. However though Vygotsky s conjecture sing communicating is still pertinent he could non hold comprehended how his theory would still use to our of all time germinating digital universe to current patterns and the diverse ways of pass oning that societal networking has brought approximately. If we have come this far since Vygotsky, how far will our kids travel and how will they get by with their journey if practicians do non promote them to develop their accomplishments.Participant observations were undertaken to back up the kids s interactions with the hardware and package needed for this research. Clearly there was a demand to scaffold them at this point though as in Lewis s instance the more knowing other did non necessitate to be me. The ZPD is the zone in which acquisition is do easier through support by important others ( Whitehead 2004 ) . These others may or may non be physically present but possibly shack in a digital universe. In other manner of speaking traditional theory still applies to digital experiences but sometimes the important other may be anon. i.e. through hunt engines or friends on social networking sites. Vygotsky s reading of the word societal would surely be limited in today s techno society.The survey s restrictions( Gautreau 2006 ) notes several grounds why there are barriers to utilizing engineering in schools. Unknowingness of engineering s possible, clip needed to larn ( larning to utilize new package or hardware and how to incorporate them into the course of study ) , want of support or resources and a need of engineering competency, appropriate preparation or assurance in one s ability to learn with engineerings are his chief concerns.Past instruction experience has indicated that the deficiency of a concluding product from a lesson is frequently deemed to be a failure on the portion of the instructor and of the kid. This belief is supported by the coverage and review procedures frequently SATs based ( QCDA 2010 online ) used to measure a schools position through analysis of the kids s consequences. This has lead to the premise that any larning achieved in such lessons should be touchable. There should be something physical to demo. However as this research has shown speech production and hearing are the foundation of other acquisition and the inquiry has to be asked, Can we measure this accurately if we are still inquiring kids to compose responses down? Again personal experience has shown that understanding is non cultivated entirely through authorship or the creative activity of something. These averments are farther supported by findings from this research, equanimous during observations of the kids. Listening to kids s treatments revealed far more about their abilities and thought procedures than any piece of composing by luck could. Therefore appraisals, peculiarly those that are SATs based, bespeaking that larning should be evidenced through production of something physical would belie what current and past experience has shown. Of class in a digital and virtual universe, physical grounds could be presented otherwise.Time became a important restriction of this research. Time with the kids was lim ited due to funding hence some aspects from the planning phase were non carried out. The most frustrating was stage was at the terminal as there was non commensurate clip left for the kids to be able to reflect on and measure their podcasting journey. Reflection is an of import portion of the acquisition procedure. By looking back at what they have done kids can derive a deeper apprehension of both the content and the acquisition procedure itself.The hereafterDonaldson ( 1986 ) was brave plenty to oppugn Piaget s experiments and his consecutive appraisals of kids s ages, phases and strategies. She alluded to the impression of kids necessitating a familiar context to be able to execute optimally and class significance from what they were making. But what is a familiar context for kids today? As grownups, are we back uping kids in a context which is comfortable for us instead than familiar to them? Even more significantly are assessment bureaus besides outside their comfort zone? Should they be inquiring for grounds in antithetical formats? Could Podcasting be one of these? Digital grounds of accomplishment is more suitable to a hi-tech universe. chatter the distribution and impact of engineerings in the business universe ( Phelps, Graham & A Kerr, 2004 ) force per unit area from authorities organic structures ( DCSF 2007a ) and the duty of schools to educate kids for the hereafter ( DCSF 2008 ) , the deficiency of use of digital grounds to inform appraisals in schools is perplexing.Ellis ( 1997, 2004 ) refers to emotional auto-ethnography which may hold the unintended effect of overshadowing what auto-ethnography can be and of befoging the manner in which it may suit into societal enquiry. I would oppugn the usage of emotional here as it implies blackmail or in research footings bias. I continue to adopt Donaldson s ( 1986 ) familiar context , which would of class allow in a research worker s relationship with the kids involved. For me relatio nship suggests knowing each other a comfy tantrum which leaves emotions outside research. Emotions would hold skewed the analysis of observation and interview informations whereas the relationship mingled with the kids and myself strengthened it.There are more practical deductions for anyone reproducing this research, or implementing the podcasting bundle. Podium package is expensive and merely necessary if broadcast medium to the World Wide Web. The sample kids were non concerned by the impression of a wider audience they merely wanted their households and immediate equals to hear their narrative. The narrative could hold been shared by Cadmium Rom, brassy thrust or the schools intranet entirely. This would hold been more cost effectual would hold saved some of the TDA support and therefore allowed excess clip to work with the kids.Evaluations of the kids s speech production and listening abilities followed observations, during the activities, and participator written texts of the kids s treatments, were assessed against a recognized model. These findings clearly indicated that the podcasting bundle is feasible in footings of raising speech production and hearing degrees.Prensky ( 2005 ) reminded us that life for today s kids may be a crapper of things but it s surely non unengaging except in school. Children s place experiences with engineering enable instructors to construct on what kids know and can make provided that those peculiar engineerings are besides available in schools. By making so, non merely are we alining pattern to Donaldson ( 1986 ) but besides reflecting Fisher s ( 2007 ) starting from the kid rule. However in some respects this is where, we as practicians, travel incorrect. Money is to a great accomplishment invested into the la sample engineering to give kids the best opportunities or environments for larning. Synergistic whiteboards ( IWBs ) and visualizers are two such engineerings. The little study revealed that at place k ids are utilizing computing machines, nomadic phones, DS Lites and Wii s. Though clearly there are benefits to holding IWBs and visualizers to project and portion images, it seems that the familiar engineerings, those used daily at place are non utilized within a school environment. Again a instance of teacher comfort fence to children s world . If we are trusting on kids s personal lifes or digital histories as this starting point for resourcing and be aftering in scenes, puting in unfamiliar engineerings would look to belie what we should endeavor to make.What does the instructor have to make? Nothing more than utilize a accomplishment that hopefully they are already good at hearing. Teachers should listen to the podcasts with the kids, and assist the kids decide on the standards for appraisal. Children may hold more sophisticated cognition of new engineerings than their instructors, coercing a pedagogical displacement in the teacher function from expert to facilitator. Ther efore go oning professional development has to be an of import characteristic of instructor patterns in a invariably germinating digital environment.In decision integration and using engineerings into a course of study is a abstruse issue. Making known the benefits associated with engineering usage whilst besides turn toing the barriers that exist seems cragged. Traditional signifiers of literacy instruction are frequently non adequate for kids today, they need to be adapted to both entreaty and motivate and be germane(predicate) to contemporary scholars ( Buckingham 2003 ) . Thus grownups should be fixing kids for their digital hereafter instead than protecting them against it. Leu and Kinzer ( 2000 p117 ) say envisionments take topographic point when instructors, kids, and others imagine new possibilities for literacy and acquisition, transform bing engineerings to build this vision, and so portion their work with others. Envisionment has resulted from the new attack taken wi th younger kids and the podcasting bundle the subsequent bringing of the bundle to ITE pupils who in bend will circulate it to instructors in schools.As a research worker I would happen it interesting to test the bundle with even younger kids or in a scene whose digital position was low in order to see ( i ) how younger kids react ( two ) if the engineering became a trick instead than a scaffold.