Biltrite case Module I through X Essay

Module III: Control Testing – Sales Processing 1.The sampling plan in the design of controls does not provide tests about revenues and accounts receivables. The weakness that I could see is the fact that goods that were delivered to customers were not billed which result in bill of lading not being pre-numbered. Because of this, bills of lading do not count as an effective sampling unit. For a successful audit, auditors need to evaluate orders randomly and check to see if the goods were shipped and the customers received invoices prior to the receipt of the product, Therefore in this case, existence/occurrence is the course of action for the auditors. 2 and 3 are attached under â€Å"2009 attribu† 4. The sampling plan shows that there is an effective control of the company by the people in charge since the price of the products, the quantity of the footing and the credit limits offered to customers are not above the limitation. However the bills of ladings that were missing keep the auditors skeptical and make them look further for material information. Also, the other thing that looks suspicious is the inflated earnings showed. The analytical procedures and attribute testing performed will the auditors to look further in regards of the sales recorded during the year, the customer balanced and the accounts receivable. Therefore, I believe that aggregate materiality threshold shouldn’t be lowered since both accounts receivable and sales tests show earning’s inflation. Module IV: MUS Sampling- Factory Equipment Additions 1. The objective of performing this test is to test if the factory equipment accounts are materially overstated from the errors found in the capitalization of ordinary repairs. The sampling unit is the debit posting to the factory equipment account and the population is $12,600,000 which is the difference between the total debits of $89,860,000 and the equipment additions of $77,260,000 2. Find excel document â€Å"2009 MUS† for answers 3. In setting these parameters, Derick focused on his assessment of inherent risk and control in regards of the acquisition cycle and the level of the  overall audit risk. To explain the parameters further, because the risk of incorrect acceptance is 5% percent, this means that Derick is 95% sure about the results that he will get only 5% percent of errors in the population. Anticipated errors of $100,000 is usually based on previous year’s audit and the $640,000 of tolerable misstatement are errors Derick think exists in the population in regards of the factory equipment account. 4. Find excel document â€Å"2009 MUS† for the calculation of the Projected misstatement calculation 11.3B a.â€Å"Tainting percentage† appear on a column when the book value of a unit is less than the sampling interval of 160000. And its purpose is to develop a projected error for all the sampling interval. 5. And 6 can be found in the excel document â€Å"2009 MUS† for WP 11.3 C 7. a. Basic precision is the amount of uncertainty associated with testing only a part of the population and it is calculated by multiplying the sampling interval by the confidence factor to measure sampling errors. b. Incremental allowance for sampling error increases when there is an increase in the sampling error. c. Allowance for sampling risk is a factor used in planning statistical samples to keep sampling risk at the desired level. d. Upper misstatement limit is determined by adding the misstatement (basic precision) and incremental allowance for sampling error. It measures the maximum overstatement at the 95% confidence level set. 8. The sampling results do not support Derick’s concerns regarding possible material misstatement since the result of the upper misstatement limit is $3,720,833 which is more than the tolerable misstatement of $640,000. Also the proportion of the projected error is 85% which is calculated by dividing $2,503,060 by $2,936,338. These errors should bring the population within the bounds of acceptance. In my opinion this error represent the adjustment necessary that represent the $12,600,000 population of factory equipment. Module V: Accounts Receivable Aging Analysis 1. a.The proportion of the total dollar amount receivable I included in the confirmation request is in â€Å"Account Receivable Aging Analysis† by diving the total amount that is collectible â€Å"C† by the total amount of sales. The result is 82% ($9,803,430/$11,920,028) of the total dollar balance in accounts receivable. b.In the event of no reply to a request for positive  confirmation, as an auditor I need to ask for further requests, contact the manager and ask him to get a hold of the customer. In case of no response from the customer, I should examine the document I have in hand such as sales orders, sales invoices, shipping orders, and bills of lading. c.The purpose of analyzing subsequent collections because it a way to check and make sure that the existence of the action took place. Also checking subsequent collections allows the auditors to check the adequacy of the allowance for uncollectible accounts. This helps the auditor to better calculate the amount tha t is uncollectible from customers 2.I am not satisfied that I have sufficient evidence to evaluate the existence and valuation assertion because I wasn’t able to get a hold of some customers. Due to this inconvenience as auditors we should be suspicious about if those sales do in fact exist. Also, in terms valuation, additional audit needs to be performed because from the confirmed amount owed, it is not sure if it will be collected. 3.Reclassification entry can be found in excel document â€Å"2009 ar†. 4.A. In order to satisfy the account receivable write-offs, I would need to examine correspondence to and from customers, legal counsel and collection agencies involving the disposition of amount that were due in the past. b. The audit adjustment is $340,000 which make the allowance balance to be $560,000 which I think is adequate as adjustment. c. See attached excel document- â€Å"2009† ar. 5. The full document â€Å"2009 ar† is attached with the case. Module VI: Sales and Purchases Cutoff Tests 1. Inventory cut off errors: a. Vouchers 12458 and 12459 was received in 2009 as inventory but not recorded in the books until next year, 2010. Which resulted in overstatement of $854,154 as effect on net income b. Raw material inventory that was in transit. This action does not affect net income because it was exluded c. Sales 33003, 33004, 33006, 33007, and 33009 were performed in 2010 but they were reported in 2009 which resulted in overstatement of $3,760,330 in net income. I think that the misstatement listed above appear to be intentional in order to overstate net income and make it look higher that its value. This practice is one of the earning inflation devices that can be used to overstate net income. 2.See excel document â€Å"2009 cutoff† for audit  adjustments. Module VII: Search for unrecorded Liabilities 1.Comment on the adequacy for the procedures performed: Lucas was able to check if there was additional invoices that were received and recorded. He also checked if the company he is auditing included these charges in year-end adjustments for liabilities that are not recorded. On the other hand she did not check if invoices received in 2010 should be recorded in 2009 and therefore applicable to the 2009 audit and if they were part of year-end adjustment for the same year. The last thing that Lucas need to check is the liabilities from the previous, 2008 and to see if they apply to see if they need to be considered for 2009. 2.Audit Adjustment 6 can be found in excel document â€Å"2009 Liab†. 3.Audit Adjustment 6 can be found in excel document â€Å"2009 Liab†. Module VIII: Dallas Dollar bank Reconciliation 1. The â€Å"Bank Reconciliation- Dallas Dolalr Bank† does not reconcile for December mainly because the general ledger balance is less than the adjusted balance (Audit adjustment number 7). The amount that differ between the two balances is $9,000. Some of the causes in case of non-reconciliation are: – There might have been an error performed by the bank at the time of recording the deposit or check. – There might have been an error when the bank recorded the cash receipt of the action. 2. After I have made the correction, the account does reconcile. The adjustment is made in WP.1 in excel document â€Å"2009 Bank†. 3 and 4 : See excel document â€Å"2009 Bank part WP.1.B 5. The cutoff statement received directly from the bank support the existence, completeness and valuation objectives. This statement gives an auditor satisfaction regarding the amount of cash receipt at the end of the year and if they were recorded at the right time. If the cutoff statement covered the period 1/1/10 through 1/21/10 and the deposit in transit was credit in 1/12/10, as an auditor I should be concerned that a client was keeping cash receipts records open after the end of the year period and could have recorded 2010 cash receipts in 2009. To allay my concerns, I should apply remittance advices, cash listings in order to be able to check  the cash receipt at the end of the year that make up for the deposit in transit. Module IX: Analysis of Interbank Transfers 1. A. The purpose of analyzing inter-bank transfers for a short period before and after the balance sheet due in to check if there are any cash cutoff errors. B & C. the check 127332 showing $3,000,000 received from Lawton was in fact an interbank transfer from Bank Two to Dollar Bank. The Biltrite Company is in violation of one of the restrictive covenants in the Bank Two agreement because if the transaction was recorded correctly, it would show that the balance was below $10,000,000 compensating balance. 2 & 3. See Audit Reclassification entry at the bottom of WP 1.C 4. Yes the Record Reclassification does in fact place Biltrite in default because it decreases the compensating balance to below $10,000,000. Some of the audit procedure that can be applied is questioning management and legal counsel in regards of the examination of the agreement that was agreed upon with the bank since there is a default. Also, checking the balance after year end to see if the compensation balance has increased to its minimum balance of $10,000,000. 5. See excel document â€Å"2009 Bank†. Module X: Analysis of Marketable Securities 1. There are investments in common stock that resulted in realized loss of $198,000 in 2009. This support does not support McAfee goals of â€Å"maximizing returns while minimizing risk of loss†. Since there is a loss, it contradicts the statement. 2. In order for the securities to be classified as current on the balance sheet, the securities need to be readily marketable and acquired as temporary investments. 3. The auditor’s objective in the audit of marketable securities is to check: -The existence of the securities -The ownership of the securities, if the client owns them. – Are the values of the securities shown in the statement consistent with their real value – Are the losses and gains correctly reported – Interest and dividend correctly reported – Are the securities classified as current and noncurrent correctly The audit assertions for the auditor to examine are existence, valuation and the presentation and disclosure of the securities. The objectives that are not satisfied is the working paper that does not state if the securities are current or noncurrent. Answers to questions 4 through 8 can be found in excel document â€Å"2009 Security†. Biltrite Practice Case Module III: Control Testing – Sales Processing 1.The sampling plan in the design of controls does not provide tests about revenues and accounts receivables. The weakness that I could see is the fact that goods that were delivered to customers were not billed which result in bill of lading not being pre-numbered. Because of this, bills of lading do not count as an effective sampling unit. For a successful audit, auditors need to evaluate orders randomly and check to see if the goods were shipped and the customers received invoices prior to the receipt of the product, Therefore in this case, existence/occurrence is the course of action for the auditors. 2 and 3 are attached under â€Å"2009 attribu† 4. The sampling plan shows that there is an effective control of the company by the people in charge since the price of the products, the quantity of the footing and the credit limits offered to customers are not above the limitation. However the bills of ladings that were missing keep the auditors skeptical and make them look further for material information. Also, the other thing that looks suspicious is the inflated earnings showed. The analytical procedures and attribute testing performed will the auditors to look further in regards of the sales recorded during the year, the customer balanced and the accounts receivable. Therefore, I believe that aggregate materiality threshold shouldn’t be lowered since both accounts receivable and sales tests show earning’s inflation. Module IV: MUS Sampling- Factory Equipment Additions 1.The objective of performing this test is to test if the factory equipment accounts are materially overstated from the errors found in the capitalization of ordinary repairs. The sampling unit is the debit posting to the factory equipment account and the population is $12,600,000 which is the difference between the total debits of $89,860,000 and the equipment additions of $77,260,000 2.Find excel document â€Å"2009 MUS† for answers 3.In setting these parameters, Derick focused on his assessment of inherent risk and control in regards of the acquisition cycle and the level of the overall audit risk. To explain the parameters further, because the risk of incorrect acceptance is 5% percent, this means that Derick is 95% sure about the results that he will get only 5% percent of errors in the population. Anticipated errors of $100,000 is usually based on previous year’s audit and the $640,000 of tolerable misstatement are errors Derick think exists in the population in regards of the factory equipment account. 4.Find excel document â€Å"2009 MUS† for the calculation of the Projected misstatement calculation 11.3B a.â€Å"Tainting percentage† appear on a column when the book value of a unit is less than the sampling interval of 160000. And its purpose is to develop a projected error for all the sampling interval. 5. And 6 can be found in the excel document â€Å"2009 MUS† for WP 11.3 C 7 . a. Basic precision is the amount of uncertainty associated with testing only a part of the population and it is calculated by multiplying the sampling interval by the confidence factor to measure sampling errors. b. Incremental allowance for sampling error increases when there is an increase in the sampling error. c. Allowance for sampling risk is a factor used in planning statistical samples to keep sampling risk at the desired level. d. Upper misstatement limit is determined by adding the misstatement (basic precision) and incremental allowance for sampling error. It measures the maximum overstatement at the 95% confidence level set. 8. The sampling results do not support Derick’s concerns regarding possible material misstatement since the result of the upper misstatement limit is $3,720,833 which is more than the tolerable misstatement of $640,000. Also the proportion of the projected error is 85% which is calculated by dividing $2,503,060 by $2,936,338. These errors sho uld bring the population within the bounds of acceptance. In my opinion this error represent the adjustment necessary that represent the $12,600,000 population of factory equipment. Module V: Accounts Receivable Aging Analysis 1. a.The proportion of the total dollar amount receivable I included in the confirmation request is in â€Å"Account Receivable Aging Analysis† by diving the total amount that is collectible â€Å"C† by the total amount of sales. The result is 82% ($9,803,430/$11,920,028) of the total dollar balance in accounts receivable. b.In the event of no reply to a request for positive confirmation, as an auditor I need to ask for further requests, contact the manager and ask him to get a hold of the customer. In case of no response from the customer, I should examine the document I have in hand such as sales orders, sales invoices, shipping orders, and bills of lading. c.The purpose of analyzing subsequent collections because it a way to check and make sure that the existence of the action took place. Also checking subsequent collections allows the auditors to check the adequacy of the allowance for uncollectible accounts. This helps the auditor to better calculate the amount that i s uncollectible from customers 2.I am not satisfied that I have sufficient evidence to evaluate the existence and valuation assertion because I wasn’t able to get a hold of some customers. Due to this inconvenience as auditors we should be suspicious about if those sales do in fact exist. Also, in terms valuation, additional audit needs to be performed because from the confirmed amount owed, it is not sure if it will be collected. 3.Reclassification entry can be found in excel document â€Å"2009 ar†. 4.A. In order to satisfy the account receivable write-offs, I would need to examine correspondence to and from customers, legal counsel and collection agencies involving the disposition of amount that were due in the past. b. The audit adjustment is $340,000 which make the allowance balance to be $560,000 which I think is adequate as adjustment. c. See attached excel document- â€Å"2009† ar. 5. The full document â€Å"2009 ar† is attached with the case. Module VI: Sales and Purchases Cutoff Tests 1. Inventory cut off errors: a. Vouchers 12458 and 12459 was received in 2009 as inventory but not recorded in the books until next year, 2010. Which resulted in overstatement of $854,154 as effect on net income b. Raw material inventory that was in transit. This action does not affect net income because it was exluded c. Sales 33003, 33004, 33006, 33007, and 33009 were performed in 2010 but they were reported in 2009 which resulted in overstatement of $3,760,330 in net income. I think that the misstatement listed above appear to be intentional in order to overstate net income and make it look higher that its value. This practice is one of the earning inflation devices that can be used to overstate net income. 2.See excel document â€Å"2009 cutoff† for audit adjustments. Module VII: Search for unrecorded Liabilities 1.Comment on the adequacy for the procedures performed: Lucas was able to check if there was additional invoices that were received and recorded. He also checked if the company he is auditing included these charges in year-end adjustments for liabilities that are not recorded. On the other hand she did not check if invoices received in 2010 should be recorded in 2009 and therefore applicable to the 2009 audit and if they were part of year-end adjustment for the same year. The last thing that Lucas need to check is the liabilities from the previous, 2008 and to see if they apply to see if they need to be considered for 2009. 2.Audit Adjustment 6 can be found in excel document â€Å"2009 Liab†. 3.Audit Adjustment 6 can be found in excel document â€Å"2009 Liab†. Module VIII: Dallas Dollar bank Reconciliation 1. The â€Å"Bank Reconciliation- Dallas Dolalr Bank† does not reconcile for December mainly because the general ledger balance is less than the adjusted balance (Audit adjustment number 7). The amount that differ between the two balances is $9,000. Some of the causes in case of non-reconciliation are: – There might have been an error performed by the bank at the time of recording the deposit or check. – There might have been an error when the bank recorded the cash receipt of the action. 2. After I have made the correction, the account does reconcile. The adjustment is made in WP.1 in excel document â€Å"2009 Bank†. 3 and 4 : See excel document â€Å"2009 Bank part WP.1.B 5. The cutoff statement received directly from the bank support the existence, completeness and valuation objectives. This statement gives an auditor satisfaction regarding the amount of cash receipt at the end of the year and if they were recorded at the right time. If the cutoff statement  covered the period 1/1/10 through 1/21/10 and the deposit in transit was credit in 1/12/10, as an auditor I should be concerned that a client was keeping cash receipts records open after the end of the year period and could have recorded 2010 cash receipts in 2009. To allay my concerns, I should apply remittance advices, cash listings in order to be able to check the cash receipt at the end of the year that make up for the deposit in transit. Module IX: Analysis of Interbank Transfers 1. A. The purpose of analyzing inter-bank transfers for a short period before and after the balance sheet due in to check if there are any cash cutoff errors. B & C. the check 127332 showing $3,000,000 received from Lawton was in fact an interbank transfer from Bank Two to Dollar Bank. The Biltrite Company is in violation of one of the restrictive covenants in the Bank Two agreement because if the transaction was recorded correctly, it would show that the balance was below $10,000,000 compensating balance. 2 & 3. See Audit Reclassification entry at the bottom of WP 1.C 4. Yes the Record Reclassification does in fact place Biltrite in default because it decreases the compensating balance to below $10,000,000. Some of the audit procedure that can be applied is questioning management and legal counsel in regards of the examination of the agreement that was agreed upon with the bank since there is a default. Also, checking the balance after year end to see if the compensation balance has increased to its minimum balance of $10,000,000. 5. See excel document â€Å"2009 Bank†. Module X: Analysis of Marketable Securities 1. There are investments in common stock that resulted in realized loss of $198,000 in 2009. This support does not support McAfee goals of â€Å"maximizing returns while minimizing risk of loss†. Since there is a loss, it contradicts the statement. 2. In order for the securities to be classified as current on the balance sheet, the securities need to be readily marketable and acquired as temporary investments. 3. The auditor’s objective in the audit of marketable securities is to check: -The existence of the securities -The ownership of the securities, if the client owns them. – Are the values of the securities shown in the statement consistent with their real value – Are the losses and gains correctly reported – Interest and dividend correctly reported – Are the securities classified as current and noncurrent correctly The audit assertions for the auditor to examine are existence, valuation and the presentation and disclosure of the securities. The objectives that are not satisfied is the working paper that does not state if the securities are current or noncurrent. Answers to questions 4 through 8 can be found in excel document â€Å"2009 Security†.

Mobile Voting System Essay

Project Background Mobile Technology is most important in the world and current generation. We can get updated information using mobile devices. Such device can be used for personal and business transactions. Moreover, mobile devices functionality has evolved tremendously. Nowadays, it can be used for a variety of purposes like to locate places much like a GPS, to read barcodes, to play games, to browse the Internet, to know weather reports, to vote, and so much more. Significantly the most important uses are the voice calls, video calls and Short Messaging System (SMS). Currently various models of mobile phones have come out in the market and each one having special advantages over the others. The SMS or message facility is important in the mobile device. It allows the sender to send messages from one mobile to another mobiles device. Most business establishments advertise through print media like the newspapers, magazines, pamphlets, brochures, and so much more. They also make use of the radio to promote their product and services. Furthermore, a lot business establishments conduct market survey like allowing consumer to choose which product they like best or selecting the best brands and so on. For example, Nawras Telecommunication is one of the best communications providers in Oman. It makes the communication service very convenient to the customers. During festival or holiday, Nawras send bulk messages to its customers informing them of promotions. Using this marketing strategy, customers will be aware of exciting promos and discounts. The backbone of any business is advertisement. Companies have used mobile technology to get to customers and sell their products and services. With this technology, companies can reach customer base very easy and quickly, thus, improving the business. Problem Statement Although print media is effective in advertising products, the problem lies on the cost. It is very expensive to advertise using this medium. When businesses conduct market survey, they usually do it manually. Example, they visit households randomly and ask them questions pertaining to their product and services or they gave out questionnaires to people on the streets. As seen, it is very time and effort consuming. Project Objectives The objective of this project is to design and implement a Mobile Marketing System. It specifically seeks to: 1. Lessen the cost in advertising; 2. Lessen time and effort in conducting market research or study; 3. Use the mobile phone as a marketing strategy to advertise and conduct market study; and 4. Design, develop and test a Mobile Marketing System. CHEPTER 2: 3.1 Research Research Part is a step of scientific approach and can say as practice based research. How to collect the information, investigate for new project and understand the previous system and study the various information from books material and websites. The main aim of the research is using mobile technology to get to customers and sell their products and services . Before starting this project i read about companies and how to do promotion for electronic products Without the need to buy advertisement may cost many amounts. And read the way advertising through mobile phones So you want to snap the project 2.2 PROJECT PLANNING 2.3 Analysis and Design ANALYSIS Systems analysis is the study of sets of interacting entities, including computer systems analysis. This section will analyze the functionality the software and what programming language will it be implemented. The design section will contain screen layouts as well as the core design of the software and the way it will be implemented.. DESIGN The researcher will analyze and design the database based on the clients requirement. Modeling tools will be used to draw cases and data flows. Design phase also includes the structure of our database. Also will start by designing the site according to our analysis. Then will create the database depending on the previous design. Then will make a connection between the application itself and the database. The detailed design are at the stage of detailed design, working on the computer begins in earnest. At this stage, the design of the system becomes more organized. Are drawn inputs, outputs, and processing specifications is in the details. 2.4 Implementation and Testing After testing is completed, the system will be implemented in the client side. Testing is most important in system development. We need to test the system in all levels. First, it will be tested using unit testing which uses column level test. In this project, each and every column should be validated. Unit is the smallest possible testable software component. This project will start with unit testing by testing each module of the project. Second, stress testing will be performed. It is done when a system is tested with a load that causes it to allocate its resources for develop the product in maximum amounts, this is called stress testing. For example, in this project, bulk messages will be sent and received to and from customers and stress testing will be performed to check the efficiency of the system. It is expected that delays will happen. 2.5 Critical Evaluation It is necessary to evaluate the system after design, development and testing the system for validation purposes. Evaluation of the new system depends on the design, development and test team and users of the project. It traps future error and defines future enhancements as recommended by the user. User evaluation is of prime importance because he/she is the one who will be using the system every day, so their approval must be sought.

Individual Work Motivation Essay

Be it a multi-national company or a small superstore right down the corner of your house, motivated and energetic employees are a pre-requisite everywhere in order to reach the zenith of excellence, success and prosperity. In accordance with a research paper rooting out from The Ohio State University’s Piketon Research and Extension Center and Enterprise Center, enthusiastic employees are desired for the survival and efficiency of a particular organization. (Lindner J. R. 1984) An assortment of theories exist which suggests the reasons that why the employees in this organization were unable to be energized and elated to perform better and portray their true potential and ability in the training program which was chalked out by their respective organization. (Lindner J. R. , 1984) Theories and their implications To begin with, expectancy theory is a theory that has been drafted out by Victor Vroom who belongs to the Yale school of Management. This theory aptly states that employees in any company would be highly motivated if they firmly believe that more hard work and better performance would succumb to better results, improved outcomes and enhanced rewards such as a tremendous increase in one’s salary or fringe benefits. (Vroom, n. d) Vroom also throws lights on this exceptionally important fact that an employee’s motivation and hence his or her performance is based on numerous factors such as aptitude, skills, personality, experience and the amount of knowledge that he or she possesses. Following this, the attention is now turned to the reinforcement theory of motivation. This theory was chalked out by B. F. Skinner and his accomplices. The foundation of this theory is the â€Å"law effect†. This means that an individual behavior have a tendency to be repeated if the consequences and the rewards are positive and tends to declines if the consequence are negative. Some of the note-worthy elements of the reinforcement theory are positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment and extinction. Re-inforcement theories Keeping these two considerably significant theories in mind, the employees at this particular organization are unable to execute well in the training program because they are provided with less rewards and less positive consequences. Their performance in the training program is not co-related with the rewards that they would receive. Each employee is paid the same amount for attending the program, whether that employee is motivated or not, had passed the exam or not. Hence, employees are not at all passionate and energetic for performing well in the program. Following this, the employees are allowed to retake the training till the time they pass the exam. This policy makes the employees motivated to give out their hundred percent at the training program. Recommendations Keeping all these factors into consideration, managers of this organization should tightly relate the rewards with the performance and should make use of the theory of positive reinforcement. Managers should also make sure that the rewards are those that are valued by their employees and are desired by them. Employees should be given the necessary support to boost up their motivation and enthusiasm, such as a mentor or a human resource manager. Last but not the least, negative reinforcement should be used as tool to motivate the employees by informing them that not performing up to a benchmark and hence not passing the training would result in negative rewards such a decrease in one’s pay or the cutting down on some of the fringe benefits.

Marketing Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing Research - Essay Example Moreover, it gives the researchers and designers the ability to open-up innovative, creative, and new outcomes or results but not necessarily the product. The information derived from these designs is helpful in the improvement of the artistic nature of a particular product, and the eventual improved marketability and value. This is because people have preferences of new designs that have not been redundant and common within the marketing spectrum. Within a company, this product value-addition is not only valuable, but also necessary. Exploratory designs encompass a wide range of application. For instance, it may be used in drawing both informal sketching and formal drafting during the process of mechanical design. Notably, there are five hypotheses focused on the types of drawings, their necessity in problem solving and relation, preferable research designs, methodologies of collecting data and selection of a subject. It should help to derive a definitive conclusion selectively putt ing in concern that, the deductions it makes do not necessarily imply a problem solution (Zikmund & Babin 135). This research design, majorly rely on secondary research. This include informal discussions with employees, consumers, competitors and management; data and literature review and more formal approaches like focus groups, projective methods, in-depth interviews, pilot and case studies. It also applies the use of internet in carrying out research (Creswell & Clark 100). This allows for research methods, which are highly interactive in nature. Feeds like RSS, provide updated information, leading search engine results can be sent to researchers by electronic mails through Google alerts and comprehensive search results are obtained over long periods using Google trends. Results from exploratory research provide valuable and penetrating analysis of a particular situation. However, it may not be helpful in decision-making, qualitative nature of explanatory design often fails to an swer questions; ‘how often’ and /or ‘how many’; thus, it is likely to present errors when generalized (Grinnell & Unrau 42). Exploratory research include among others, social exploratory research, which tend to study how people interact within the setting under question and what meanings their actions portray and the issues that concern them (Zikmund & Babin 35). The objective here is to learn and try to find out social phenomena with no definite expectations. Exploratory research is majorly applied at preliminary stages of problems or an issue at hand. Its other feature is applied research in administration, which concerns the necessity of flexibility in handling and dealing with the problem (Muller 57). Moreover, there are data limits and the imperative decision-making. Field research and case studies are also among other research methodologies, which fall under exploratory research designs. Exploratory research helps in gathering preliminary information that is useful in defining a problem and making hypotheses suggestions. Since it involves description, it describes things like the market potentiality for a product or the demographics and consumer attitude. Hypotheses are tested about the cause-effect relationship. This helps in determining which variable might cause a certain behavior (Hague 183). Correct definition of a problem is highly critical in any company.

Tourism, leisure, culture, society, polities Essay

Tourism, leisure, culture, society, polities - Essay Example However, it should be noted that tourism bears hazardous effect on the environment and cultural authenticity due to a mass flow of people irrespective of the local traditions and rites to be taken care of. First and foremost, tourism is a result of consumerism. It deals with a set of services people have at their disposal for a particular amount of money. There is a pitfall for everyone thinking of solely positive effect of tourism worldwide. Hence, capitalist preferences drive many tourists to consume more than ever before compared to their own locations. In its turn, the financial issue is one of the most significant drives in choices made by tourists (Haan, 2008). That is to say, tourism and consumerism are close in their practical meaning with landscape as the main medium of attraction for tourists (Aitchison, MacLeod, & Shaw, 2001). Hence, it is indicative of many people to be troublemakers instead of normal tourists, as they intrude into the milieu of the cultural and ethnical diversity taken care of by locals with no excuse at all. As long as they are driven by the idea of their right for letting loose in accordance with money they spent for such a pleasure, they feel like they have already covered all expenses. Besides, there is a clear distinction between tourism and travelling. Andrews (2011) admits in his study that tourism does more harm to the environment than travelling, as the former touches upon invasion, pollution, and narrow-mindedness while the latter is characterized by discovery, understanding, intelligence, adventures, and broad-mindedness. By and large, tourism is a mark of a person’s identity looking at the places one visits and the services one prefers most of all with an idea of possible cultural merge in mind (Weiermair & Mathies, 2004). It is all about the financial substantiality of individuals. Thus, as long as a tourist pays for a tour along with providing a definite

Develop Alternative energy supply system Research Paper - 1

Develop Alternative energy supply system - Research Paper Example Increased employment levels: The people of Bambui will receive numerous job opportunities due to increased productivity in the region. Firms and small businesses will look to employ more people to handle the increased demand and supply. The development of the alternative forms of energy in the region will increase employment levels in the production service. Both the skilled and unskilled labor will be sought to handle the technical and manual work in the structuring and execution of the different forms of energy. For example, the construction of wind turbines will require the availability of skilled engineers and the manual services of employees loading and off-loading the necessary equipment (IEEE, 2002). Another economic benefit of the implementation of the geothermal, urine, and wind energy sources will be the reduced energy costs. All the mentioned forms of energy depend on renewable resources that are readily available in Bambui region. With the utilization of these energy sources, the region will reduce the cost of acquiring fossil fuels and candles. Green energy saves the area from incurring foreign exchange costs while procuring fossil fuels. Fossil fuel energy is more expensive than wind and geothermal due to the high volatility in oil prices. The threat of price fluctuations is considerably reduced since wind, urine, and geothermal are all renewable resources accessed in the region (Zou, 2012). The energy produced will also be more efficient than the other sources previously used in Bambui. Since the energy is provided in the locality and with fewer distribution dependence on the national grid lines energy supply is expected to be more stable: The steady supply arises from t he availability of an independent gridline whose repairs are effected immediately without the interference of the corporations’ bureaucracy. Bambui region will also experience an economic growth following the inception of the alternative forms of

Why do the scientific community and the public have different views Essay

Why do the scientific community and the public have different views about the nature and validity of global climate change - Essay Example 457). These developments seemingly established the presence of several defects in climate science. Moreover, in the initial stages, the media was given to quoting scientists, with respect to global warming. As such, scientists were deemed to be the primary sources of such information. Subsequently, the media resorted to quoting politicians, interests groups and other entities who had a vested interest in the ramifications of this issue (Durfee & Corbett, 2005, p. 88). The media, with its penchant for sensationalism, had preferred to promote the view that there was considerable uncertainty regarding global warming. Furthermore, a small section of scientists disagree with the mainstream scientific evaluation regarding global warming. These individuals entertain various opinions regarding the cause behind this phenomenon. Some of these scientists declare that it has not been determined whether the primary cause of global warming is human activity (Haldar, 2010, p. 140). On the other hand, there are a few scientists who ascribe global warming to increased solar activity, cosmic rays, natural variation, ocean currents, or unidentified natural causes (Haldar, 2010, p. 141). Nevertheless, some of the studies on global warming have contended that the contemporary level of solar activity is at a maximum. This has been conjectured on the basis of sunspot activity and other factors. The Sun’s output can vary, on account of solar activity. Researchers, such as Solanki have held that solar activity for the past 6 to 7 decades could have been the greatest in eight millennia (Haldar, 2010, p. 141). However, they have declared that solar activity is not a significant contributor to the contemporary global warming. In addition, modern science presents its results as probabilistic and statistical data. Thus, there is no certainty, and this increases with the complexity of the phenomena being considered. A

The Gospels of Matthew and Mark Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Gospels of Matthew and Mark - Essay Example Another prevailing point concerning this issue argues that like many of the people’s common views during the time of Jesus, the disciples might have the significant thought that Jesus will have to immediately take political control of the government, as heir to David’s throne (LaHaye 96). This means that talking about the death of Jesus to save the humankind will not make sense at all because that would only mean not being able to fulfil the idea as what the disciples might have thought among themselves. This also may have impeded the probable expectations of the disciples that were hovering over their imaginations concerning Jesus’ future role. If we try to consider these arguments, one thing that can be remarkably clear is that confusion of the disciples was triggered by the prevailing way of thinking and as Shea explained, it was conventional consciousness that must be radically changed prior to understanding what Jesus meant by his death to save the humankind . Due to this conventional way of thinking, LaHaye’s thought concerning the disciples’ expectations may significantly apply. ... ving in mind the things of God are at their profoundest truth, which must require a substantial change of the conventional consciousness to the path of a more radical one. The Scripture says, â€Å"‘For my thoughts are not your thoughts, neither are your ways my ways,’ declares the Lord† (Isaiah 55:8; NIV). Thus, with human understanding alone, it will be harder to fathom what Jesus told to his disciples who were not having the exact idea on what was the next thing to come. At a specific example, this confusion that eventually bred fear resulted to Peter’s denial and the rest of Jesus’ disciples during his trial and crucifixion. Question number 4 Jesus said, â€Å"Do not think that I have come to abolish the Law or the Prophets; I have not come to abolish them but to fulfill them† (Matthew 5:17; NIV). Concerning his teaching about anger towards the neighbours, Jesus wants us to know that it will eventually be the same with a murder. Jesus want s the people to know that such anger will lead someone to be in danger of the fire of hell. â€Å"But anyone who says, ‘You fool’ will be in danger of the fire of hell† (Matthew 5:22c; NIV). Jesus also wants us to know that anyone who looks at a woman lustfully has already committed adultery with her in his heart. He said, â€Å"You have heard that it was said, Do not commit adultery.’ But I tell you that anyone who looks at the woman lustfully has already committed adultery with her in his heart† (Matthew 5:27-28; NIV). Concerning divorce, Jesus’ said, â€Å"But I tell you that anyone who divorces his wife, except for marital unfaithfulness, causes her to become an adulteress, and anyone who marries the divorced woman commits adultery† (Matthew 5:32; NIV). This is in line with what Jesus’ said that â€Å"Therefore what

Small Group Dynamics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Small Group Dynamics - Essay Example I was considered to be the team leader for my group so I started with the point that I am glad to speak about the industrial training that we have went just before a couple of days. And i also continued with the point that the industrial visit was really a good thing because we were able to gain more knowledge regarding how the telecommunications worked. so i raised a question to my friend arthy asking what she is thinking about the industrial training she was very bossy and adamant so she turned the topic to a different side saying that the training was of no use because we were there hardly for a day and a half. So she also stated that nothing could be possible within that time to learn or to implement things. For which another mate Dhiranya started to tell i am sorry arthy i do go with Dharni because it taught us something. She also said that if you think that we have been there for nothing, so far we were learning about the telecommunications only theoretically so it was of no use to know how the things will look like, only after visiting the place we were able to see some receivers, transistors the network communication and all the other technical things she completed her point saying like this and waited for the reply. There as a leader I have to speak something and i started to stick on to the point and said my friend arthy I too go with dhiranya saying that so far if some one asks us to speak about something regarding telecommunication we would have explained them in a theoretical way but only after the training we could explain them in a better manner for an instance we can even draw and show them the things and the technical machines that we saw there. And I soon realized that Vidhya was left alone without giving her the time to discuss with us and said straightaway to the team stating that let Vidhya have her turn to think about the situation. vidhya started saying thank you for giving me a turn and said that she would go with rest of the team stating that she had some practical knowledge and it was also a useful thing to be included in her study material. She also said that she was able to know certain things that how to sort out a problem for a particular telephone connection among the million wires interconnected there. But suddenly arthy rose to a great height and said if you say so will you be able to set a default tele line straightaway without any help. This was a great conflicting thing to our group and soon accommodating to the situation Vidhya continued and said of course I will be able to do that if I have some proper training as I know where the things lie but the next step of disconnecting and joining the wires would be possible by proper training. Again arthy avoided the point and said so this was entirely a true waste of time. There of course i used my creativity and my bossiness to put a full stop to the point and said it will be a mere waste if you think that the explanations given by the faculty for our lessons are also the same as the training that we visited. Though she was taken aback for a few minutes she was finding her mistake and compromised with the answer that was given by me. So at last she said of course the training was interesting and some what helpful to an extent. But, she looked taken aback and

Reflection Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Reflection Paper - Essay Example The desire of children is to have parents that who take a strong personal interest in helping them develop their skills and have find their way in life (Treybig, 2007). Higher parent involvement in a kid’s life increases the influence these power figures have in their children. The ethical values and moral development of adolescents are therefore shaped towards the value system of the particular family. Another source that influenced my ethical values was the education I received during my teenager years and early on in college. I always looked up to my teachers and college professors. They taught me the importance of integrity, professionalism and high ethical standards in life and in the workplace. I’ve taken some college courses on the matter and they have been very helpful at providing me with the theoretical concepts and practical examples on ethical matters. 2. How do your personal influences and your Defining Moments impact your decision making in the workplace? Remember Badarraco (1997) states that defining moments have three elements: revealing, testing, and shaping (57). One defining moment I had in a professional setting was when I work as a consultant for a family member during a summer in a start-up project. My uncle wanted advice on how to raise capital for his business. He had a great product, but needed money to bring it to the market. He heard of a consulting firm that had political influences and could help him land some seed money from some governmental programs for small businesses. I told him to go along with the idea and recommended a meeting with the individuals. During the first meeting I got a real glimpse of what corruption is all about. I originally thought these individuals were legit businesspeople whose connections were based on years of experience networking and dealing with the common problems of small companies. The first things they asked was for a few thousands dollars to get

Scandal and controversy Essay Example for Free

Scandal and controversy Essay Scandal and controversy are a true recipe for commercial success. And with the format of the Big Brother being such that everyone in the world can see what a person does in private, the people get naturally interested. The commercial success of any program depends on the number of users it gets and the public debate it generates (read: media coverage)-more so for a reality TV program like Endemol’s Big Brother. Since its inception in Netherlands, the show has spread into many other countries, which has introduced the cultural element to it. How different people react when two different people with different backgrounds, ideas, perspectives and interests are forced to live together under one roof for a considerable period of time provides entertainment to the masses. And the figures show this. From 3 million in the first week, the show had 8. 8 million viewers at its peak for the recently-concluded, controversy-marred Celebrity Big Brother in UK. The Big Brother brand earns 10 percent of the revenues of Channel 4 which broadcasts Celebrity Big Brother. With Big Brother open for public debate, controversy is created for the smallest of reasons, since the participants are treated as minor celebrities by the masses. Sometimes, the views included racism, gender bias, sex, etc. which have again led to media activism and public debate regarding the views of the bourgeoisie and subsequent problems. The format is suited for the masses, because on the one hand, you see how a person reacts in public, while on the other, you see how they actually feel through the ‘Diary Room’. The housemates have to work according to the orders of the ‘Big Brother’, which makes it doubly interesting to see how these people live under stressful conditions. And with the voting being done both by the public and the participants on whom to evict from the house, the interest level of the masses automatically goes up, since their decision influences the eviction. That the show is a commercial success is proved by the fact that continuous video streaming facility is available on the Internet, where the people can see 24-hour feeds of what the housemates were actually doing, and people were actually ready to pay to get these feeds. The show is also used for psychological studies by scientists. German scientists even discovered that the participants are likely to suffer from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, generally seen in those who leave armed forces. A lot of interest also goes into the fact that even in this age of liberalization and globalization, the state of race, gender and class relations is primeval. And it comes out in the open due to the realistic nature of the show. The fact that such problems exist even in democratic, egalitarian societies increases the interest of the viewer and makes the program commercially successful. The show has been criticized by experts from everything ranging from the concept of the program to how problems like racism are used to maximize profits. Yet the fan following of these programs belies the wildest of imaginations. Also with the media available today, it is easy to vocalize opinion across the borders. And the program is benefiting commercially from all this hype. The success of the program in some countries may well be because it challenges the ways in which the society operates, in an honest and real manner rather than being acted out as in a soap opera. And being inherently different from the soap opera gives the masses something different to watch, something to which they can relate more. It gives a platform to the audience to evaluate and contemplate the existing societal order. Big Brother is about interacting with the audience-and getting people to decide the fates of participants. Interactive TV provides such incentives to the general public and is responsible for making the show such a commercial success. References: 1. Big Brother (TV series) Available on http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Big_Brother_(TV_series) 2. When the Whole World is Watching: The Case of Celebrity Big Brother Available on http://flowtv. org/? p=247 3. November 2002, Celebrity Big Brother Offers Even More Interaction Available on http://www. bbc. co. uk/pressoffice/bbcworldwide/worldwidestories/pressreleases/2002/11_november/audiocall_celebrity_bb. shtml 4. Hanks Robert, January 2007, First Night: Celebrity Big Brother, Channel 4 Available on http://news. independent. co. uk/media/article2124296. ece 5. Big Brother Available on http://www. bigbrother. com/big-brother. php 6. Big Brother International: Formats, Critics and Publics Available on http://www. wallflowerpress. co. uk/publications/television/big_brother. html

Davis Moore thesis discusses and analyzes Essay Example for Free

Davis Moore thesis discusses and analyzes Essay Davis-Moore thesis discusses and analyzes the social equality and inequality and explains why different people obtain different rewards for the jobs that they do (Macionis, 2013). The general topic of the thesis is social stratification, which according to Davis-Moore, is present in every society due to the reason that it has some consequential benefits for the operation and the growth of the society. According to Davis-Moore, more reward is given to people that hold positions in the society that are considered to have some functional importance, such as that of a medical doctor (Macionis, 2013). The result of the reward system in the society implies equality in opportunities while promoting inequality in terms of the outcome that people receive. Social stratification, according to Davis-Moore thesis, makes the society more productive as well as efficient. The functional consequence of inequality in the society helps in ensuring that the relevant and skilled people fill various roles that are considered important in the society (Macionis, 2013). Talented people in the society are supplied with the necessary opportunities and motivation that enable them to undertake training and thus result in filling of the important roles in the society (Macionis, 2013). People who are most talented perform the important functions in the society. The greatest rewards are also offered to the positions that require a lot of training and are of importance in the maintenance of the order and system in the society (Macionis, 2013). For example, doctors train for many years and, therefore, are expected to receive higher perks due to the kind of role they play in the society. Engineers and pilots also take a lot of time to train hence the notion that they should receive higher rewards for their jobs. Melvin Tumin criticized Davis-Moore’s thesis of social stratification by saying that there has been no demonstration of functional importance of the varying positions in the society (Macionis, 2013). Melvin also notes that such a demonstration has not been made. Reference Macionis, J. (2013). Sociology. Pearson Education. Source document

An Investigation of the Recruitment and Selection Procedures

An Investigation of the Recruitment and Selection Procedures INTRODUCTION In any organization the most vital organ is human recourses. In the organizations effective functioning the employees play an important role. In the todays business atmosphere, the main challenge of the managers is the selection of the right candidate, then development of the candidate and the retention of the candidate in the organization. Human resources have the potential to take an organization to the sky of success. Human resource management is designed to improve the employees performance and effectiveness in the fulfillment of the aims of the organization. The recruitment of the effective, efficient and deserving candidates is very difficult task for the human resource department of the company. The human resource policy regulates the task of the recruitment in the organization. The recruitment process is based on the requirement of the organization. The human resource department should also be effective enough to recruit the capable candidates. This dissertation will explains the processes and procedures involved in the Selection and Recruitment in Tata Teleservices Ltd. (TATA Docomo). LITERATURE REVIEW The human resource department is responsible for the selection and recruitment of the effective, eligible and capable candidates for the organization. The decision of the human resource department to recruit one wrong candidate can prove fatal for the organization, in terms of money, time and reputation of the company. To avoid this mistake, the organizations have already developed the new methods and ways of selection and recruitments. There should be proper planning and proper policy for the selection of the candidates. Recruitment Recruitment involves the search and stimulation of the candidates to apply the vacancies in the organization. The increase in productivity, morale, wages, etc can be achieved with the proper planning of selection and recruitment process. As the recruitment process acts as the stimulant to the candidates to apply the vacancies in the organization, so it is regarded as the positive process. Sources of Recruitment There are two sources of recruitment Internal b) External Internal Sources The internal recruitment is the process of the identification of the potential candidates who are currently working in the organization who can fulfill the requirements of the new vacancies in the organization. In this the current employees are offered the new vacant positions, like promotion of the employee to the higher post which is vacant. This also boosts up the morale of the other employees and they also perform well to get the promotion to the higher post. There are internal advertisements for the information of the employees. External Sources The human resource departments of the organizations are dependent on the external sources. The main external sources are as follows: Information Commercials. It is the way to inform the potential candidates about the recruitment process through the print media like newspapers, magazines, journals, pamphlets, posters etc. these are also called as recruitment advertisements. These helps in spreading the information to millions of people at one time. The job seeking candidates responds to such advertisements very quickly. Employment Organizations. These are also the efficient source for the inflow of the capable candidates for the vacant posts in the organization. These employment agencies initially interviews the candidates, then if they are found fit for the vacant post only then they are referred to the recruiting organization. This makes the process of recruitment simpler for the organization as the organization need to deal with only capable persons. Generally, these recruitment organizations charge fees from the employer but sometimes they also charge from the candidates also. It depends on the organization to organization. Colleges and Universities. The process of recruitment of the candidates directly from the colleges and universities is known as the on campus recruitment drive. It is often executed whenever there is need of the professional qualified and technically sound candidates for the vacant posts. Referrals In this, the current employees forward the credentials of the candidates who are capable and eligible for the vacant posts in the organization. The employees are free to recommend the candidates for the vacant posts. This the effective method as company gets the necessary information regarding the capabilities of the candidates referred from the existing employees. This also increases the favoritism and it can lead in degrading the morale of the employees. Casual aspirants. There are the candidates who themselves visit the organization and drop their resumes in the organization. Whenever the posts are generated the organization also considers them. Labor Unions. There are some occupations which recruits the candidates referred by the labor unions, like maritime, hotels and construction companies. This source is chosen by the organization because it is the in-expensive method of recruitment. The Recruitment Procedure Whenever the vacancy is generated in the organization then the human resource department starts the process of recruitment. There are predefined steps in this process. in these steps the qualification and capabilities of the candidates is tested to find out whether they are eligible or not for the certain vacancy. Execute job analysis. With the generation of the new vacancy, it is necessary to know about the job and its requirements only then the human resource department can recruit the suitable candidates for that particular job. In this analysis the task and duties are identified which is required by the particular job. This process involves three steps: The environment analysis, where the man power will work; Determination and identification of the responsibilities and duties to be discharged. The identification of the tasks involved in the particular job. Job Description Designing It is the written document which houses the objectives, aims, the tasks, duties and responsibilities involved in the particular job, the requirements which are needed for the fulfillment of the objectives of the job. These written documents is helpful the suitable employee selection, in their training and orientation processes. It provides the directions to the new employees also. This job description helps the HR department and the employee both in the achievement of the desired tasks to fulfill the organizations goals. Development of the specifications of the particular job The job specifications and description both are necessary in understanding of the job. One the description is written then comes the specifications it includes that what kind of employee will be suitable for this particular job, what skills that employee should have in himself/herself. The education and technical skills needed to do the particular job. Attracting the applicants It is one of the important steps in the recruitment. The success in future can be determined by the attraction power of the organization which attracts the applicants to apply for a particular job in that organization. This attraction power is totally dependent on the recruitment sources adopted by the organization. SELECTION When the required number of applicants applies for the particular job, then the process of the selection of the right candidate begins. The selection process ensures that the best suitable candidates in terms of skills, education and experience should be chosen for the particular job. The selections main goal is to match the job requirements with the persons individual characteristics. The candidates selected in the selection process should be confident enough to meet the goals of the organization. Selection Method Selection method is the positive elimination process, which eliminates the candidates who are not suitable and eligible for the particular job. It means the job requirement does not match with individuals characteristics. This method should be designed to gather all the information about the candidates. The candidate is declared to be selected only if he/she qualifies all the steps involved in the selection process. It can be fatal for the organization if it chooses the wrong candidate for the particular job. The wrong selection attracts the increase in expenses, wastage of the time of organization. To avoid such situation the well planned process should be designed. The reception of the applicants, the different departments inform the human resource departments about vacancies to be filled in their department and inform them about the skills needed by the candidates to apply for these vacancies. When the department receives the applications from the candidates, then the process of selection is started. Preliminary/First Round Screening, In this step, the instant assessments of the applicants capabilities are judged by the human resource department employees. Here the candidates who do not meet the requirements of the job description are eliminated in this step. This is the candidates first interaction with the company. This step reduces the time of the selection process as the unsuitable candidates are shunted out in this and only eligible candidates are qualified for the next process. These interviews are of short durations. The human resources executives execute these interviews. Here the interviewers get the desired application forms filled from the candidates. This steps works on the mechanism of the filter, here the capable candidates are kept and rest is shunted out. Application Blank, The qualified candidates of the first steps enters the second step, here the candidates properly fill up the formal applications, these applications forms are specially made by the human resource executives to get the proper information about the candidates. The following fields are present in the application forms Identification information such as gender, name, fathers name, marital status, number of dependents, weight, height etc. Educational qualifications e.g., schooling, colleges, graduation, post graduation details, languages proficiency etc. Professional Experience. Status of health. Achievements and awards References Psychological factors e.g., salary expectation, previous job leaving reasons etc. Tests for the selection The tests for the selection are designed to get the quotient level of the candidates which cannot be assessed from the application forms. Some to tests for the selection are as follows:- Intelligence tests. An intelligence test explores alertness, comprehension and reasoning abilities of the applicants. Through these tests, managers can predict the future job performance of the applicant. Questions in intelligence tests are job-oriented, and abstract. Personality tests. These tests measure certain characteristics such as emotional maturity, sentiments, conflicts, ascendance, social ability, objectivity etc of a candidate. Whether a candidate is having a sick personality or healthy personality can be determined by these tests. Aptitude tests. It is very important to know as to whether the selected candidate will be capable of learning the job or not. Tests designed to measure the learning capacity of the candidates are known as aptitude tests. They measure whether an individual has the hidden ability to learn a given job, if he is given adequate training. Performance or work sample tests. Such tests are a means of measuring practical ability on a specific job. In performance or work sample tests, the applicant completes some job activity under structured conditions. For instance, a person who has applied for the post of a service representative may be asked to handle a stimulated situation involving a complaining customer. Although they can be costly if special facilities and equipment are needed, performance tests, when devised to closely reflect important aspects of the job, tend to be valid predictors of future performance. Dexterity tests. These tests aim to measure the swiftness with which the prospective employer can make use of various body parts e.g., ability to move hands, eyes etc. Sometimes due to nature of job, these tests become essential. Limitations Tests cannot be relied upon in isolation. Many qualifications and abilities of the candidates can be known at the time of interview or training. It is not possible to predict the success of the candidate on the basis of such tests. Tests have also a high margin of error through it is generally believed that the results are exact and accurate. Comprehensive Interview, A comprehensive interview or an in-depth interview is most delicate aspect of the selection procedure. The information about the candidate which cannot obtained from the application blank, tests and group discussion, may be secured easily if the interview is planned well in advance and is conducted by the interviewer tactfully. Checking References, An applicant may be asked in the application blank to supply two or more references Characteristic reference b) Experience Reference. These references provide information regarding the behaviour of the applicant. A notable limitation of the method is that it lacks standardisation and objectivity. It is natural in case of character reference to give names of references of only those persons who would always write favourably for the applicant. It is very rare to get a frank opinion about the candidate. The other sources to get information about the candidate are professors from whom candidate has studied, colleagues with whom candidate had worked. References may be checked by mail, telephone or a personal visit may be arranged. Approval by the Concerned Department, The candidate is then sent to the line manager for the approval. The personnel department cannot take a final decision regarding selection because the candidate has to actually work under the line managers who are directly responsible for the results of an organisation. At this stage, it is not in the interest of the company to reject the candidate. Instead he may be sent to some other departments. Physical Examination, Only those candidates should be selected who are physically fit. It may not be the last step in the selection process if physical as well as mental fitness is of utmost importance. Physical examinations are designed to ensure that the candidate can perform effectively in the position for which he or she is applying to protect other employees against contagious diseases, to establish a health record for the applicant and to protect the organization against unjust compensation claims. Making the Selection, The applicants who qualify in the selection test, interview, reference check and physical examination are now considered to be eligible to receive an offer of employment. Usually an appointment is made on probation in the beginning. The probation period may range from two months to two years. If the work and conduct of the employee is found satisfactory, he may be confirmed. It is also in the interest of the organization to prepare a waiting list and inform the candidates, in case a person does not join after being selected, the next person on the waiting list may be called. METHODOLOGY Research in common parlance refers to a search for knowledge. The advanced learners dictionary of current English lays down the meaning of research as a careful investigation of enquiry especially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge. Research Design A research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedure. JOHN.W.BEST Research may be defined as any organized inquiry designed and carried out to provide information for solving a problem. EMORY Research is essentially an investigation, a recording and an analysis of evidence for the purpose of gaining knowledge. ROBERT ROSS Descriptive Research Design Descriptive research design studies are those studies, which are concerned with describing the character of a group. The researcher makes a plan of the study his research work. That will enable the researcher to save and resources such a plan of study or blue print or study is called a research design. Data Collection The study was based on questionnaire method. The study was about the Recruitment and Selection System at Tata Teleservices Ltd. and find out the effectiveness of recruitment. There are two types of data collection: Primary data Secondary data Primary data The primary data are those, which are collected a fresh and for the first time happen to be original in character. It has been collected through a Questionnaire and personal interview. Secondary data Secondary data are those which have already been collected by someone else and which have already been passed through the stratified process. It has collected through the manuals, journals Internet. CONCLUSION The Recruitment and Selection Process is one of the basic HR processes. Recruitment Selection is very sensitive as many managers have a need to hire a new employee and this process is always under a strict monitoring from their side. HR management is a part of every managers responsibilities. These responsibilities include placing the right person in the right job, and then orienting, training, and compensating to improve his or her job performance. Tata Teleservices uses two sources of recruitment internal and external source. But they prefer internal source because it gives opportunity to employees within the organization. After recruitment Selection process takes place. This entails establishing the best fit between job requirements and the candidates profile. Selection process includes screening, interview and various tests. Then offer is made to the candidate if he/she accepts it employee undergone through various pre- employment activities like reference check, medical tests, etc. It is imperative to have an efficient and responsive tracking mechanism to evaluate the impact of recruitment on the topline and bottomline. Metrics not only help in evaluating the robustness of internal processes but also provide inputs on customer satisfaction and vendor evaluation parameters. Various metrics like quality metrics, time metrics, cost metrics Review process is used to find out the effectiveness of recruitment processes. TIMESCALE FOR DISSERTATION Task Start Date End Date Title, aim, objectives Done Done Literature Review Questionnaire Preparation Distribution, interviews Data Collection Data Analysis Conclusion References

Redfin Pickerel :: essays research papers

Description: The Redfin pickerel has 15 to 36 dark, wavy vertical bars and reddish-orange lower fins. The coloration is much the same as that of chain pickerels, a dark backward slanting bar below the eye. The snout is shorter and broader than any other pickerel. There are normally 11 to 13 branchiosstegal rays under the lower jaw. The cheek and gill covers are completely covered in scales. They weigh up to one and a half pounds, which is the world record to this day. They have an average length from 6-10 inches with an average weight of 5 ounces. The Redfin Pickerel has a cylindrical, torpedo-shaped body with numerous sharp teeth at the point of the snout. Range: The range of the Redfin pickerel is found statewide with the exception of mountain habitats. Environment: They are usually found in heavy growths of aquatic plants in sluggish streams. They are also found in shallow coves of lakes or in ponds. They prefer water from 75 to 80 degrees. Redfin pickerels may be the dominant predator fish in small creeks. They prefer slow moving, heavily vegetated swamps and millponds. Food: Small fish make up most of the Redfin pickerels diet, but they also eat aquatic insects and various other invertebrates. Reproduction: The Redfin pickerel spawns in the early spring as water temperature approach 50Â °F. Spawning occurs in shallow water when the female deposits her eggs in vegetated areas where they are fertilized and left unattended. A large female may deposit as many as 4,000 eggs at one time. Some fish as small as 5 inches may release no more than 400 eggs. They become sexually mature by at least age two. No parental care is given to the eggs. Unique characteristics: The Redfin pickerel has numerous sharp teeth in a relatively pointed snout making it perfectly designed for its ambush-type-feeding behavior. Due to small size, sport fishing for this species is limited to coastal areas where the ideal habitat for growth exists. This fish is highly prized by many low country natives who grew up eating this sweet flavored fish.

love :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout life, we undergo many changes. As time progresses, styles of writing develop new form. However, emotions remain constant. Feelings, which are expressed through writing, can be identified with in the present, as well as the past. Emotions, unlike writing styles, are unable to be controlled. Love is one emotion that may vary in the way it is described, yet remains uniform in the way it is felt.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Elizabeth Barrett Browning expresses her innermost thoughts and feelings through her poetry. In the sonnet, â€Å"How Do I Love Thee?,† she describes the intense emotions that are brought about by the act of love. Her passion reaches the depths of her soul and she has the ability to love unconditionally, with every ounce of faith possible. The love that she possesses comes naturally and can be described with ease. She demonstrates that love, in a way an â€Å"opiate,† which takes over the minds of those who experience it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Brian McKnight is a man of great words. In his song, â€Å"Still In Love,† he stresses his eternal love for another being. He shows that his love will never die and is simply perfect. It is unbelievable to him that such love is possible. However, he has the privilege of expressing such emotions. He explains that no matter what happens, his love will still prevail. He is obsessed with the feeling of love and feels that he needs love to survive.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Despite the time difference between these works of literature, they possess the same emotions. Both express the strong feeling of undying love. This feeling will deepen over time and continue to grow, even after death. This demonstrates that, no matter what events may take place, their love will remain forever. This powerful emotion has the ability to control every thought and feeling within an individual.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Love, in itself is something that will never fade away, no matter who falls in and out of it.

Poets Use Of Mockery As Diction In Poem :: essays research papers

Poet's Use of Mockery As Diction in Poem The poet's use of mockery as diction conveys his disillusioned attitude toward the men that plan the battles without actually fighting in them. Using the words â€Å"If I were fierce, and bald, and short of breath,† to describe the majors allows the reader to picture the majors as old, fat, out of shape men that spend their days â€Å"guzzling and gulping in the best hotel† safe from any danger. Fierce, bald and short of breath give the reader a negative feel for the majors as they are not described in any positive manner. These terms cause the reader to feel disgust for the majors. The poets use of the words guzzling and gulping with their alliterative effect cause the reader to consider the majors as gluttons gathered at the table. When the reader completes his mental picture of the majors in the best hotel, the imagery of glory hogs is complete. The poet's diction choice, "Reading the Roll of Honor. `Poor young chap, ' I'd say - ` I used to know his father well; Yes, we've lost heavily in this last scrap.' " of casual language attempts to make the war seem carefree and nonchalant. The word "chap" conveys an casual attitude towards the heroes as people. It seems to elevate the status of the majors to a false superior position. "Scrap" makes it seems as if the soldier's death occurred on a playground, not a battlefield. It seems to trivialize war in general. "And when the war is done and the youth stone dead, I'd toddle safely home and die - in bed." The poet's last lines give the reader an insight into the true wishes of the soldier. The youth stone dead allow the reader to acknowledge the finality of death and the wasted lives of the young soldiers while the old, fat men are Poets Use Of Mockery As Diction In Poem :: essays research papers Poet's Use of Mockery As Diction in Poem The poet's use of mockery as diction conveys his disillusioned attitude toward the men that plan the battles without actually fighting in them. Using the words â€Å"If I were fierce, and bald, and short of breath,† to describe the majors allows the reader to picture the majors as old, fat, out of shape men that spend their days â€Å"guzzling and gulping in the best hotel† safe from any danger. Fierce, bald and short of breath give the reader a negative feel for the majors as they are not described in any positive manner. These terms cause the reader to feel disgust for the majors. The poets use of the words guzzling and gulping with their alliterative effect cause the reader to consider the majors as gluttons gathered at the table. When the reader completes his mental picture of the majors in the best hotel, the imagery of glory hogs is complete. The poet's diction choice, "Reading the Roll of Honor. `Poor young chap, ' I'd say - ` I used to know his father well; Yes, we've lost heavily in this last scrap.' " of casual language attempts to make the war seem carefree and nonchalant. The word "chap" conveys an casual attitude towards the heroes as people. It seems to elevate the status of the majors to a false superior position. "Scrap" makes it seems as if the soldier's death occurred on a playground, not a battlefield. It seems to trivialize war in general. "And when the war is done and the youth stone dead, I'd toddle safely home and die - in bed." The poet's last lines give the reader an insight into the true wishes of the soldier. The youth stone dead allow the reader to acknowledge the finality of death and the wasted lives of the young soldiers while the old, fat men are

300 †a Gender Analysis Essay

Gender The film industry has created the conventional gender roles of society into their movies; A majority of films have supported some of the male and female stereotypes. In the history of the film industry, the role of men is primarilythat of the stereotypical working class man or hero, while the roles of women are primarily portrayed as being somewhat inferior to men. In the 1930s through the 1970s, men held the leading roles in films while women played smaller roles. Men were typically employed, successful gentlemen, while the woman’s only job was a housewife. The film industry was mostly dominated by men. In terms of jobs, women were given mostly family roles and rarely were shown outside of their homes, while men had successful careers and did many activities outside of home. â€Å"Women were shown doing housework and men were the beneficiaries of their work† (â€Å"Women’s roles in the film industry† Women in film). As women were given a more active role in society, the gender roles in movies changed. However, many types of gender stereotypes in films still exist. Action genre movies in particular account for many of the gender stereotypes in the film industry today. Men are typically portrayed to be the hero, while women are often portrayed as sexual objects. In the movie 300, the Spartan men served and protected the city of Sparta, while the Spartan women did domestic chores and bred more warriors. Because this movie was set back in 480 BC society portrayed men to be superior to women. Some of the main characters in 300 are prime examples for the different gender roles. King Leonidas is the proud, triumphant King of Sparta. In the film, the character Leonidas possesed as a couple different male stereotypes. King Leonidas is portrayed as the hero throughout the different action sequences. Throughout the movie Leonidas takes charge of his troops and leads them into battle. Leonidas is hero not only because he is the King of Sparta, but also because he is the commander of the troops. Before King Leonidas leaves for battle with his three-hundred Spartans, he confronts his wife and refrains from saying â€Å"My queen, my life, my love,† because he, like all other Spartans, is not soft and does not want to show emotion to his queen (Zack Snyder. 00). The narrator speaks of how Spartan men are raised like brutes and are â€Å"hard warriors† (Zack Snyder. 300). This particular phrase is important to the story because it reflects the gender role of men during that time period. King Leonidas can also be classified as the family man stereotype. Throughout the film he trains his young son for battle. He plays the role of protector not only for his individual family, but also for Spart a. In the movie 300, King Leonidas represents many male stereotypes. In contrast, the character Queen Gorgo stands for many female stereotypes in the movie. The queen portrays the domestic female stereotype. In the film Queen Gorgo cares for her young son and stays at home while her husband, King Leonidas, is fighting for their country. Like many of the women in the film, Queen Gorgo performs many domestic tasks such as retrieving food and water for her family, as well as looking after her child. Queen Gorgo is also a sex object. She is easily seduced by her King. She bribesone of the councilmen with sex. At times in the film the Queen, among many other women, wear little clothing. The 300 Spartans also wear little clothing in the film. Due to the lack of clothing, the Spartans show their ripped and brute physique to reinforce the male stereotype of being brawny and strong. Lastly, the queen represents the female stereotype of beauty. The queen is an attractive woman with a small frame, much like how the media portrays what a woman should look like. Her attractive looks and sexual qualities are a large part of Queen Gorgo’s character. Queen Gorgo represents an abundance of the female stereotypes in society. The captain of the Spartan troops also shows male stereotypes. The captain is a close ally of King Leonidas. Throughout the film, the captain portrays the male stereotype of being a family man. The captain’s son, Astinos, is barely old enough to be in battle with the Persians. The captain is skeptical of allowing his son to enter battle, but decides to encourage him to serve their country. Throughout the different battles with the Persians, the captain protects his son from harm. When Astinos is killed by Persians, the captain goes on an extremely violent tirade and kills every Persian in sight due to his overpowering vengeance. After the death of his son, the captain proclaims to the king that his heart is filled with hate, and King Leonidas replies â€Å"Good. † King Leonidas feels that it is necessary for a soldier to feel hatred toward his enemies. This particular scene portrays another male characteristic of not showing emotion towards a certain subject. The captain is another character that shows the male stereotype present in this film. Although many of the characters in the movie portray the prevalent male and female stereotypes in society, there are a few characters that stray away from these social formalities. Councilman Theron is an example of one of the characters that does not abide to the brute and warrior stereotypes in the film 300. Theron is no older than the Spartan men who fight for their city, but he lacks the physical strength that the Spartan warriors possess. Because Theron is not a typical man in Sparta, he wears a gown that is similar to the gowns worn by Spartan women. Along with Councilman Theron, there are other men that are on the council of Sparta. These men are far less in physical size than the Spartan warrior and are given duties that are similar to women. The men in the council are unique to the majority of men in Sparta that serve their city. Since the men wear â€Å"woman-like† clothing, it labels women’s apparel to be very revealing. These men reinforce some of the women stereotypes prevalent in the film. There are also some specific scenes in the movie that break some of the male and female stereotypes. Directly after Astinos is killed in battle, the Captain begins to break down and cry. The captain immediately showed his emotion for the loss of his son. This scene in the movie shows how even the most masculine man has to show some emotion at some point in time. In the end of the battle against the Persians, after King Leonidas has been shot by many arrows, he stands up and shouts, â€Å"My queen, my life, my love† (Zack Snyder. 300). This phrase is contradictory to the general actions of Spartans, and men in general, because it shows emotion. Both of these sequences in the film show how every man must show emotion, regardless of who they are. 300 demonstrated the many male and female stereotypes in society. Although most of the men were relatively similar, there were a few men in Sparta who went against the normal gender role. Like many other action movies, 300 showed various roles that supported some of the gender roles in the film industry. The main characters primarily demonstrated the conventional gender roles, but they also expressed some contradictory qualities. The film industry provides arious different types of gender roles through movies. â€Å"advertising. † Home | Saint Mary’s College, Notre Dame, IN. 20 Apr. 2009 ;lt; http://www. diigo. com/05lfx â€Å"Women in Film. † Yahoo! GeoCities: Get a free web site with easy-to-use site building tools. 20 Apr. 2009 ;lt; http://www. diigo. com/05lfw â€Å"300 Movie – Spartans. † Mens Movie Guide. 20 Apr. 2009 ;lt; http://www. diigo. c om/05lfv 300 (Widescreen Single Disc Edition). Dir. Zack Snyder. Perf. Gerard Butler, Lena Headey. DVD. Warner Bros. Pictures Distribution, Warner Bros. Pictures International, 2006.

Forward Software Essay

Forward Software, Inc. is a software company potentially facing a copyright infringement lawsuit. The spreadsheet product Forward sells includes an optional menu navigation system identical to that of Focus Software, the original developer of the menu system. Forward’s spreadsheet product currently dominates the market. Focus Software is currently suing a smaller software company that has also used this identical menu system in their spreadsheet software. It is believed that based on the outcome of this pending lawsuit, Forward Software, Inc. may also be sued. Forward has to decide between offering Focus an unsolicited settlement prior to the pending trial’s conclusion or waiting for the outcome and possibly facing litigation. To do this, Forward needs to determine the optimal decision strategy to take and how much the strategy is expected to cost. The hiring of an outside law firm that may be able to provide a prediction of the company’s success in winning a trial must also be considered, as well as the maximum that should be paid for that service. Savings associated with hiring the firm need to be determined and analysis of the best decision strategy will also need to be done. Based on our analysis, the best strategy is to wait until the outcome of the pending lawsuit. If Focus wins that lawsuit and files a lawsuit against Forward, Forward should hire the law firm to conduct the proposed study for the lawsuit. Based on the law firm’s findings (predicted win, predicted loss, can’t predict) Forward will have to decide to go to trial or settle out of court. The results show that unless the firm can make the prediction that Focus would likely win the lawsuit, Focus should settle out of court. The expected costs of this strategy range between $9 – $12.8 million dollars. This includes expected costs associated with hiring the firm. The maximum amount that should be paid for hiring the firm is $1.14 million. If the firm could accurately predict the outcome of the Forward versus Focus case, Forward could expect to save $2.4 million. A decision tree was constructed to determine the best strategy for Forward. This approach was chosen as there were many decisions and states of nature to consider and chronology was important. The decision tree allowed for evaluation in a chronological pattern. In determining the optimal strategy, analysis was performed to determine if it is best to settle now or wait on the verdict of a pending trial, whether to hire or not hire a law firm if sued, and also to determine the value of information that could be provided. Our analysis is as follows -Settle Now or Wait? The optimal strategy indicates that it best is to wait until the outcome of the pending trial. Following the optimal strategy, there is a probability of .64 that Focus will not have to make any payout, this is based highly on waiting on the outcome of the trial as there is a .60 probability that Focus will lose and not initiate a lawsuit. As the bulk of the non-payout probability is based on the out come of the current Focus case, this event was included in a sensitivity analysis of the overall strategy. The analysis was performed to assess how sensitive the strategy is to changes: in the probability of Focus winning its pending lawsuit (0-1); the probability of Forward winning a suit if brought (0-1); the maximum expected settlement if sued (+/-50%); the maximum expected judgment (+/-50%); and the cost of the firm’s research prediction (+/-100%). The torpedo graph below shows that the optimal path is influenced most highly by the probability of 1) Focus winning the pending suit and 2) the probability of Forward winning if sued. Of particular importance is the increase in cost (expected value) based on changes in the probability of the outcome of the pending Focus vs. Discount Software trial. The increase in expected cost to over $6 million indicates that the decision to wait or offer settlement prior to the pending suit’s outcome changed. To determine the point at which the strategy changed base on the probability of the current suit’s outcome, a second sensitivity analysis was performed focusing on this event. The strategy region chart below indicates that the decision to wait or settle now changes if there is a chance great than 67% that Focus will win its pending suit. As there is currently only a 40% chance given to Focus winning its pending trial, the recommended strategy of waiting for the outcome should be followed. (Though Forward should confirm the probabilities assigned to this event.) Do or Don’t Hire a Firm? Should Sam hire this law firm to do a study for the lawsuit and what is the maximum amount of money Sam should pay for the service? Important considerations in determining whether to hire the firm include the value of the information the firm can provide and the cost for this information. To determine the value of the information provided by the firm, expected costs of making the decision with and without the firm’s (free) information must be compared. Without the law firm’s analysis, Forward’s expected cost is $12.1 million. With the firm’s analysis, Forward’s expected cost is reduced to $10.96 million. (This figure assumes the information is provided for free.) The difference in the expected cost with and without the information is $1.14 million. This is the value of the information the firm can provide and is also the maximum amount Forward should pay for the service. If the law firm could accurately predict the outcome of the Forward versus Focus case, how much money can he expect to save? If the firm was able to accurately predict a win or loss, this would be considered perfect information. The expected cost in this case is $9.7 million. The difference between this expected cost and the expected cost of proceeding without the firm’s perfect information ($12.1 million) is $2.4 million. This is the amount Forward could expect to save if the firm was able to accurately predict the outcome of the Forward versus Focus case.

Digital Modulation Techniques

LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY TERM PAPER Topic: Digital Modulation Techniques Course code: ELE102 Course title: Electrical science-II Submitted to:Submitted by: Subrahmanyam Tanala Sirvishwajeet kumar Sec:K1901 Roll:B57 Contents INTRODUCTION †¢ 1 Aim †¢ 2 Analog modulation methods †¢ 3 Digital modulation methods o 3. 1 Fundamental digital modulation methods o 3. 2 Modulator and detector principles of operation o 3. 3 List of common digital modulation techniques †¢ 4 Digital baseband modulation or line coding †¢ 5 Pulse modulation methods †¢ 6 Miscellaneous modulation techniques 7 References INTRODUCTION In electronics, modulation is the process of varying one or more properties of a high frequency periodic waveform, called the carrier signal, with respect to a modulating signal. This is done in a similar fashion as a musician may modulate a tone (a periodic waveform) from a musical instrument by varying its volume, timing and pitch. The three key parame ters of a periodic waveform are its amplitude (â€Å"volume†), its phase (â€Å"timing†) and its frequency (â€Å"pitch†), all of which can be modified in accordance with a low frequency signal to obtain the modulated signal.Typically a high-frequency sinusoid waveform is used as carrier signal, but a square wave pulse train may also occur. Aim The aim of digital modulation is to transfer a digital bit stream over an analog passband channel, for example over the public switched telephone network (where a bandpass filter limits the frequency range to between 300 and 3400 Hz), or over a limited radio frequency band. The aim of analog modulation is to transfer an analog baseband (or lowpass) signal, for example an audio signal or TV signal, over an analog passband channel, for example a limited radio frequency band or a cable TV network channel. | 2 Analog modulation methods In analog modulation, the modulation is applied continuously in response to the analog info rmation signal. [pic] [pic] A low-frequency message signal (top) may be carried by an AM or FM radio wave. Common analog modulation techniques are: †¢ Amplitude modulation (AM) (here the amplitude of the carrier signal is varied in accordance to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal) o Double-sideband modulation (DSB) ? Double-sideband modulation with carrier (DSB-WC) (used on the AM radio broadcasting band) ?Double-sideband suppressed-carrier transmission (DSB-SC) ? Double-sideband reduced carrier transmission (DSB-RC) o Single-sideband modulation (SSB, or SSB-AM), †¢ Angle modulation o Frequency modulation (FM) (here the frequency of the carrier signal is varied in accordance to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal) o Phase modulation (PM) (here the phase shift of the carrier signal is varied in accordance to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal) The accompanying figure shows the results of (amplitude-)modulating a signal on to a carrier (both of which are sine waves).At any point along the y-axis, the amplitude of the modulated signal is equal to the sum of the carrier signal and the modulating signal amplitudes. [pic] [pic] Simple example of amplitude modulation. 3 Digital modulation methods In digital modulation, an analog carrier signal is modulated by a digital bit stream. Digital modulation methods can be considered as digital-to-analog conversion, and the corresponding demodulation or detection as analog-to-digital conversion. The changes in the carrier signal are chosen from a finite number of M alternative symbols (the modulation alphabet). [pic] [pic] Schematic of 4 baud (8 bps) data link.A simple example: A telephone line is designed for transferring audible sounds, for example tones, and not digital bits (zeros and ones). Computers may however communicate over a telephone line by means of modems, which are representing the digital bits by tones, called symbols. If there are four alternative symbols (corresponding to a musical instrument that can generate four different tones, one at a time), the first symbol may represent the bit sequence 00, the second 01, the third 10 and the fourth 11. If the modem plays a melody consisting of 1000 tones per second, the symbol rate is 1000 symbols/second, or baud.Since each tone (i. e. , symbol) represents a message consisting of two digital bits in this example, the bit rate is twice the symbol rate, i. e. 2000 bits per second. This is similar to the technique used by dialup modems as opposed to DSL modems. . According to one definition of digital signal, the modulated signal is a digital signal, and according to another definition, the modulation is a form of digital-to-analog conversion. Most textbooks would consider digital modulation schemes as a form of digital transmission, synonymous to data transmission; very few would consider it as analog transmission. . 1 Fundamental digital modulation methods The most fundamental digita l modulation techniques are based on keying: †¢ In the case of PSK (phase-shift keying), a finite number of phases are used. †¢ In the case of FSK (frequency-shift keying), a finite number of frequencies are used. †¢ In the case of ASK (amplitude-shift keying), a finite number of amplitudes are used. †¢ In the case of QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation), a finite number of at least two phases, and at least two amplitudes are used. FSK The two binary states, logic 0 (low) and 1 (high), are each represented by an analogue waveform.Logic 0 is represented by a wave at a specific frequency, and logic 1 is represented by a wave at a different frequency. Below shows the basic representation. [pic]  Ã‚  Ã‚  [pic] With binary FSK, the centre or carrier frequency is shifted by the binary input data. Thus the input and output rates of change are equal and therefore the bit rate and baud rate equal. The frequency of the carrier is changed as a function of the modulating signal (data), which is being transmitted. Amplitude remains unchanged. Two fixed-amplitude carriers are used, one for a binary zero, the other for a binary one. Uses of FSK.Today FSK Modems are used for short haul data communication over private lines or any dedicated wire pair. These are many used for communication between industrial applications like railroad signalling controls and mobile robotic equipment. The short haul modem offers the following specs; – Speeds of up to 9600 bps – Full-duplex or half duplex operation. – Distance up to 9. 5 miles In the past FSK was used in the Bell 103 and Bell 202. These were the first data modem but due to their low bit rate there not being used any more. The Bell 103 had a data rate of only 300 bauds. This modem was predominant until the early 1980s.Phase Shift Keying – PSK Phase shift keying (PSK) is a method of transmitting and receiving digital signals in which the phase of a transmitted signal is varied to c onvey information. The simplest form of PSK has only two phases, 0 and 1. It is therefore a type of ASK with  ¦(t) taking the values -1 or 1, and its bandwidth is the same as that of ASK. The digital signal is broken up time wise into individual bits (binary digits). The state of each bit is determined according to the state of the preceding bit. If the phase of the wave does not change, then the signal state stays the same (low or high).If the phase of the wave changes by 180 degrees, that is, if the phase reverses, then the signal state changes (from low to high or from high to low) If the phase of the wave changes by 180 degrees, that is, if the phase reverses, then the signal state changes (from low to high or from high to low). Because there are two possible wave phases, this form of PSK is sometimes called bi-phase modulation. If two or more of the same logic level are received in secession the frequency will remain the same until the logic level changes. Variants of PSK. -B inary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK): – Use alternative sine wave phase to encode bits Simple to implement, inefficient use of bandwidth Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) demonstrates better performance than ASK and FSK. PSK can be expanded to a M-array scheme, employing multiple phases and amplitudes as different states. Phase Shift Keying – PSK Phase shift keying (PSK) is a method of transmitting and receiving digital signals in which the phase of a transmitted signal is varied to convey information. The simplest form of PSK has only two phases, 0 and 1. It is therefore a type of ASK with  ¦(t) taking the values -1 or 1, and its bandwidth is the same as that of ASK.The digital signal is broken up time wise into individual bits (binary digits). The state of each bit is determined according to the state of the preceding bit. If the phase of the wave does not change, then the signal state stays the same (low or high). If the phase of the wave changes by 180 degrees, that is , if the phase reverses, then the signal state changes (from low to high or from high to low) If the phase of the wave changes by 180 degrees, that is, if the phase reverses, then the signal state changes (from low to high or from high to low).Because there are two possible wave phases, this form of PSK is sometimes called bi-phase modulation. If two or more of the same logic level are received in secession the frequency will remain the same until the logic level changes. Variants of PSK. a)Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK): – Use alternative sine wave phase to encode bits – Simple to implement, inefficient use of bandwidth [pic] Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) demonstrates better performance than ASK and FSK. PSK can be expanded to a M-array scheme, employing multiple phases and amplitudes as different states.Filtering can be employed to avoid spectral spreading. b)Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK): – Multilevel modulation technique: 2 bits per symbol â€⠀œ More spectrally efficient, more complex receiver [pic][pic][pic] Quadrature Phase Shift Keying is effectively two independent BPSK systems (I and Q), and therefore exhibits the same performance but twice the bandwidth efficiency. Output waveform is sum of modulated;  ± Cosine and  ± Sine wave. Variants of QPSK [pic] – Conventional QPSK has transitions through zero (i. e.. 180o phase transition). Highly linear amplifier required. In Offset QPSK, the transitions on the I and Q channels are staggered. Phase transitions are therefore limited to 90o – ? /4-QPSK the set of constellation points are toggled each symbol, so transitions through zero cannot occur. This scheme produces the lowest envelope variations. Uses of PSK Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) – BPSK is mainly used in deep space telemetry and also cable modems Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) and it Variants Satellites – CDMA, (Code-Division Multiple Access) refers to any of several proto cols used in so-called second-generation (2G) and third-generation (3G) wireless communications. TETRA, Terrestrial Trunked Radio) is a set of standards developed by the European Telecommunications Standardization Institute (ETSI) that describes a common mobile radio communications infrastructure throughout Europe This infrastructure is targeted primarily at the mobile radio needs of public safety groups (such as police and fire departments), utility companies, and other enterprises that provide voice and data communications services. LMDS, (Local Multipoint Distribution System) is a system for broadband microwave wireless transmission direct from a local antenna to homes and businesses within a line-of-sight radius, a solution to the so-called last-mile technology problem of economically bringing high-bandwidth services to users. . 3. 3 List of common digital modulation techniques The most common digital modulation techniques are: †¢ Phase-shift keying (PSK): o Binary PSK (BPS K), using M=2 symbols Quadrature PSK (QPSK), using M=4 symbols o 8PSK, using M=8 symbols o 16PSK, using M=16 symbols o Differential PSK (DPSK) o Differential QPSK (DQPSK) o Offset QPSK (OQPSK) o ? /4–QPSK †¢ Frequency-shift keying (FSK): o Audio frequency-shift keying (AFSK) o Multi-frequency shift keying (M-ary FSK or MFSK) o Dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) o Continuous-phase frequency-shift keying (CPFSK) †¢ Amplitude-shift keying (ASK) †¢ On-off keying (OOK), the most common ASK form M-ary vestigial sideband modulation, for example 8VSB †¢ Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) – a combination of PSK and ASK: o Polar modulation like QAM a combination of PSK and ASK. [citation needed] †¢ Continuous phase modulation (CPM) methods: o Minimum-shift keying (MSK) o Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK) †¢ Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation: o discrete multitone (DMT) – including adaptive modulation and bit-load ing. †¢ Wavelet modulation Miscellaneous modulation techniques †¢ The use of on-off keying to transmit Morse code at radio frequencies is known as continuous wave (CW) operation. †¢ Adaptive modulation †¢ Space modulation A method whereby signals are modulated within airspace, such as that used in Instrument landing systems. 7 REFRENCES J. R. Barry, E. A. Lee, D. G. Messerschmidt, Digital Communication, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2004. www. wikipedia. org Communication systems (Simon Haykin), Wiley India