Psychoanalytic Criticism Example Essays

Psychoanalytic Criticism Example Essays Psychoanalytic Criticism Example Paper Psychoanalytic Criticism Example Paper Mliterary criticism, the reasoned consideration of literary works and issues. It applies, as a term, to any argumentation about literature, whether or not specific works are analyzed. Platos cautions against the risky consequences of poetic inspiration in general in his Republic are thus often taken as the earliest important example of literary criticism. More strictly construed, the term covers only what has been called practical criticism, the interpretation of meaning and the Judgment of quality. Criticism in this narrow sense can be distinguished not only from aesthetics (the philosophy of artistic value) but also from other matters that may concern New Criticism New Criticism emphasizes explication, or close reading, of the work itself. It rejects old historicisms attention to biographical and sociological matters. Instead, the objective determination as to how a piece works can be found through close focus and analysis, rather than through extraneous and erudite special nowledge. It has long been the pervasive and standard approach to literature in college and high school curricula. New Criticism, incorporating Formalism, examines the relationships between a texts ideas and its form, between what a text says and the way it says it. New Critics may find tension, irony, or paradox in this relation, but they usually resolve it into unity and coherence of meaning (Biddle 100). New Criticism attempts to be a science of literature, with a technical vocabulary, some of which we all had to learn in Junior high school English classes (third-person, denoument, etc. . Working with patterns of sound, imagery, narrative structure, point of view, and other techniques discernible on close reading of the text, they seek to determine the function and appropriateness of these to the self-contained work. New Critics, especially American ones in the 1940s and 1950s, attacked the standard notion of expressive realism, the romantic fallacy that literature is the efflux of a noble soul, that for example love pours out onto the page in 14 iambic pentameter lines rhyming ABABCD etc. The goal then is not the pursuit of sincerity or authenticity, but subtlety, unity, and integrityand these are properties of the text, ot the author. The work is not the authors; it was detached at birth. The authors intentions are neither available nor desirable (nor even to be taken at face value when supposedly found in direct statements by authors). Meaning exists on the page. Thus, New Critics insist that the meaning of a text is intrinsic and should not be confused with the authors intentions nor the works affective dimension (its impressionistic effects on the reader). The intentional fallacy is when one confuses the meaning of a work with the authors purported intention (expressed in letters, iaries, interviews, for example). The affective fallacy is the erroneous practice of interpreting texts according to the psychological or emotional responses of readers, confusing the text with its results. To do New Critical reading, ask yourself, How does this piece work? Look for complexities in the text: paradoxes, ironies, ambiguities. CriticismArchetypal criticism argues that archetypes determine the form and function of literary works, that a texts meaning is shaped by cultural and psychological myths. Archetypes are the unknowable basic forms personified or oncretized in recurring images, symbols, or patterns which may include motifs such as the quest or the heavenly ascent, recognizable character types such as the trickster or the hero, symbols such as the apple or snake, or images such as crucifixion (as in King Kong, or Bride of Frankenstein)all laden with meaning already when employed in a particular work. Archetypal criticism gets its impetus from psychologist Carl Jung, who postulated that humankind has a collective unconscious, a kind of universal psyche, which is manifested in dreams and myths and which harbors themes and images that we all inherit. Literature, therefore, imitates not the world but rather the total dream of humankind. Jung called mythology the textbook of the archetypes (qtd. in Walker 17). Archetypal critics find New Criticism too atomistic in ignoring intertextual elements and in approaching the text as if it existed in a vacuum. After all, we recognize story patterns and symbolic associations at least from other texts we have read, if not innately; we know how to form assumptions and expectations from encounters with black hats, springtime settings, evil stepmothers, and so forth. So surely meaning cannot exist solely on the age of a work, nor can that work be treated as an independent entity. Archetypal images and story patterns encourage readers (and viewers of films and advertisements) to participate ritualistically in basic beliefs, fears, and anxieties of their age. These archetypal features not only constitute the intelligibility of the text but also tap into a level of desires and anxieties of humankind. [Whereas Freudian, Lacanian, and other schools of psychological criticism operate within a linguistic paradigm regarding the unconscious, the Jungian approach to myth emphasizes the notion of image (Walker 3). Psychoanalytic Criticism Psychoanalytic criticism adopts the methods of reading employed by Freud and later theorists to interpret texts. It argues that literary texts, like dreams, express the secret unconscious desires and anxieties of the author, that a literary work is a manifestation of the authors own neuroses. One may psychoanalyze a particular character within a literary work, but it is usually assumed that all such characters are projections of the authors psyche. one interesting facet of this approach is that it validates the importance of literature, as it is built on a literary key for the decoding. Freud himself wrote, The dream-thoughts which we first come across as we proceed with our analysis often strike us by the unusual form in which they are expressed; they are not clothed in the prosaic language usually employed by our thoughts, but are on the contrary represented symbolically by means of similes and metaphors, in images resembling those of poetic speech (26). Like psychoanalysis itself, this critical endeavor seeks evidence of unresolved emotions, psychological conflicts, guilts, ambivalences, and so forth within what may well be a disunified literary work. The authors own childhood raumas, family life, sexual conflicts, fixations, and such will be traceable within the behavior of the characters in the literary work. But psychological material will be expressed indirectly, disguised, or encoded (as in dreams) through principles such as symbolism (the repressed object represented in disguise), condensation (several located onto another image by means of association). Despite the importance of the author here, psychoanalytic criticism is similar to New Criticism in not concerning itself with what the author intended. But what the author never intended (that is, epressed) is sought.

Corruption of the American Dream essays

Corruption of the American Dream essays Some say that Gatsby portrays the corruption of the American Dream. In the eyes of most, the American Dream is basically to work hard, make money, and enjoy life. In a manner, Gatsby is connected to the American Dream by remaining dedicated to his dream and working hard to get all of his treasures including his mansion and luxury car. Everyone in the world will admit to giving up on one of their dream during their lifetime. However, Gatsby stays committed to the very end which stresses his dedication to his goal, Daisy, and the American Dream. Go to Atlantic City for a week, or up to Montreal. He wouldnt consider it. He couldnt possibly leave Daisy until he knew what she was going to do. He was clutching at some last hope and I couldnt bear to shake him free (Fitzgerald 155). However, Gatsbys dedication to Daisy and his goal corrupts his perception and ultimately leads to his death. Gatsby raises Daisy to a point so high that she can almost be thought of as a golden girl. An example of this golden girl aspect occurred at the Buchanan household after the accident. He put his hands in his coat pockets and turned back eagerly to his scrutiny of the house, as though my presence marred the sacredness of the vigil. Gatsby even believes he will be corrupted after he kissed Daisy at the Buchanan household. He thinks to himself right before he kisses her and knows that as soon as he does he will be in love and corrupted by her. By giving Daisy such a high rank as the golden girl, Gatsby is blinded by her good looks and foolish behavior. He cant realize that Daisy is unintentionally setting him up for a big fall. Therefore, it is a good thing to dream, but it is how you go about pursuing that dream. ...

Midterm paper (proposal development) Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Midterm (proposal development) - Research Paper Example These elements are: (a) elevation the patient’s head of the bed between 30 and 45 degree unless medically contraindicated; (b) a daily sedation vacation and assessment of readiness to ‘extubate’ unless medically contraindicated; (c) peptic ulcer prophylaxis; (d) deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis; (e) use ‘chlorhexidine’ for oral care. The entire bundle was considered compliant only if all five items were compliant. A bundle was considered noncompliant if any item was not performed. The dependent variable for this literature review is reducing the incidence of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP) rate among Intensive Care Unit ICU patient population. VAP is defined by pneumonia occurring more than 48 hours after patient have been ‘intubated’ and placed on mechanical ventilation (Koeman et al., 2006). The patients must have been free from any sign of pneumonia or chest infection in radiological images prior VAP development. The ventilator-a ssociated pneumonia (VAP) rate is defined as the number of ventilator-associated pneumonias per 1,000 ventilator days (Garcia et al., 2009). The independent variables are implementation of VAP bundle, developing oral care protocol using ‘chlorhexidine’, implementation of Nurse-implemented sedation protocol, and Staff training program on VAP bundle. All of these independent variables are considered intervention to improve healthcare providers’ compliance with VAP bundle and consequently, reduces the incidence of VAP. Oral care is defined by cleansing of oral cavity and oropharynx using cholrhxidine every 2-4 hours per as protocol (Koeman, et al, 2006). Active implementation is defined as providing various types of educational programs (in-service presentation, video, workshop) to all healthcare providers on VAP , VAP rate, VAP related-complications, and VAP preventative measures (VAP bundle) (Hawe, Ellis, Cairns, & Longmate, 2009). Nurse-implemented sedation proto col defines a strategy that guides a nurse in administering dosage, in this case, to ventilated patients based on their weight and level of consciousness by using Cambridge scale (Quenot et al., 2007) in order to prevent patients’ over sedation. There is abundant research showing that hospitals that implement the VAP Bundle significantly reduce the incidence of VAP. A quasi-experimental study of all adult patient who admitted to ICU and required mechanical ventilation from 2006-2008 , the sample size and sampling plan were not mentioned, revealed that VAP bundle reduces the incidence of VAP from 9.3 cases per 1000 ventilator day to 2.3 cases per 1000 ventilator day (p = .001) using Box-and-whisker plot. Furthermore, U chart revealed that the overall compliance with VAP increased from 20 percent to 82 percent (Al-Tawfiq & Abed, 2010). A quantitative randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial study of 385 consecutive random sampled adult ICU patients revealed that topic al oral decontamination with chlorhexidine reduces the incidence of VAP by 65 percent (p = 0.012) for chlorhexidne and 55 percent (p = 0.030) for chlorhexidine/cholistin using sequential survival analyses (Koeman et al., 2006). The qualitative study of a convenience sample of 10 registered nurses’ working in ICU, using content analysis, revealed that nurses’

Marketing Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marketing Planning - Essay Example Starbucks would essentially adopt a value delivery based distribution strategy that would imply that the company adds value in each of the stages of distribution (Hooley & Graham, 2008, p.6). Starbucks would also try to undertake a vertical backward integration that would help the company reduce the cost leakage and would also enable greater value creation. This would help generate cost advantage that could be passed on to the customers as price discounts. Moreover, a backward integration would also enable the Starbucks to generate greater value in the finished product in the form of better quality standards as it would enable the firm to have greater control over the supply chain increasing its bargaining power to a considerable extent. This would also help the company to create entry barriers for new entrants. In addition to pricing and distribution marketing communications also plays a major role in the success of a product in the market. Starbucks would adopt an integrated market ing communication strategy that would include using multiple channels of communication. Considering the fact that Starbucks has its operation spread around diverse areas of the globe hence a ‘glocalisation’ strategy of thinking globally and acting locally would be followed by the company across its entire line of business. This would imply that the company would essentially take into account the local culture and sentiments of the target market while implementing the marketing communication strategy.... Considering the fact that Starbucks has its operation spread around diverse areas of the globe hence a ‘glocalisation’ strategy of thinking globally and acting locally would be followed by the company across its entire line of business. This would imply that the company would essentially take into account the local culture and sentiments of the target market while implementing the marketing communication strategy (Carey, 2007, p.143). New Product Launch New product development includes a number of steps beginning from idea generation, idea screening, evaluation, prototype launch, final screening and actual launch (Waters, 2006, p.278). A new product to be launched by Starbucks would be a smoothie that would be a blend of coffee and chocolates. The product would come up with fruit flavours that would essentially include local fruits as well as seasonal fruits. The new product would be positioned as a drink with a nutritional value that would also have a good taste and nut ritional value. The product would be targeted at the younger age group of 15-45 years. The company would launch this new product simultaneously across all the markets that are being currently served by the company. In this regard the company would add local tastes and flavours that would help the company easily popularise the product. This would be in line with the ‘glocalisation’ strategy of thinking globally and acting locally (Hamel, 2001, p.100). Starbucks would adopt an effective integrated marketing communication strategy that would essentially use different media sources including the print as well as electronic media. Billboards and hoardings would be also used to promote the new product. In addition attractive initial discount

Goole doesnt care Essay Example for Free

Goole doesnt care Essay The inspector calls to discuss the suicide of Eva Smith/Daisy Renton, quite a few working class people used many names in those times, this was because it would be easier to get jobs. Each member of the family had something to do with her suicide; it is unravelled as the play goes on. The inspector has to find a chain of evidence to make them guilty. Even though no one can be to blame legally for a suicide, however they can be morally guilty. Birling sits the inspector down and offers him a glass of port, but he doesnt accept any hospitality from him. Furthermore Birling tries to impress the inspector by telling him that he was an alderman and a magistrate, but Goole doesnt care. The inspector goes on to explain what happened to Eva Smith. Shed swallowed a lot of disinfectant. Burnt her inside out. Preistley portrays a horrid image of the girls death to make the audience feel remorseful and pitiful. He also describes her as pretty, lively, big dark eyes, and soft brown hair. The inspector starts to question Mr Birling over the death. After seeing a photograph of Eva, He admits to sacking her for setting up a strike to get slightly higher wages. He thinks he did the right thing, and he says that he paid his workers the usual rates, and he couldnt see that he had any responsibility for what happened to her afterwards. But Priestley thinks differently, as he shows by what the inspectors says; what happened to her then may have determined what happened to her afterwards, and whatever happened to her afterwards may have driven her to suicide. Birling is a very insensitive man; he shows no remorse for what happened. The next person to be interviewed is Shelia who is a pretty girl in her early twenties, is very pleased with life and quite excited. The inspector reveals that Eva luckily found a job at Milwards, he goes on to say that she again was sacked. Shelia (feeling agitated) begins to realise that she was to blame. She started to explain that she was looking at herself in the mirror when she caught Eva smiling at the assistant in a way that she found offensive. Shelia was furious and told the manager that if he didnt sack her, Mrs Birling would close the account with them. Unlike Birling, Shelia accepted that she was wrong and felt sorry for what she did. It is obvious that she regrets what she done with regard to Eva claiming that, if I could help her now I would. This makes you feel less anger for Sheila who now feels terribly guilty for Eva and has now been punished severely simply by knowing the consequences of her actions. The inspector had now finished with Shelia. It was Geralds turn in the order of how the events happened. After a misunderstanding between Gerald and Shelia, he admitted he knew Daisy Renton. And after Gerald sitting in and listening to the awful thing Shelia had done, she was now determined to find out how he played a part in this ordeal. Gerald had met Daisy at the local variety theatre known as the haunt of prostitutes. He described her as looking young, fresh, and charming. Gerald soon fell in love with her and when he found out she didnt have a penny to her name: he let her stay in his friends flat. Gerald often visited her and gave her a lot of pleasure, he soon ended the affair, as he had to go away on business, he had given her money to help her out for a few months. Eva was obviously upset inside as Gerald gave her a life she could never have. Gerald goes for a walk to get over the news of Daisys death, whilst Mrs Sybil Birling has denied knowing Eva after being shown a photograph of her. She is described as being forty years old, a rather cold woman and her husbands social superior. Mrs B is going to be interviewed out of sequence of events, because Priestley wants to show what an arrogant fool she is. The inspector has made a big impression on Shelia, who is now acting like him by summing up the chain of events, and telling Mrs B that there is no point covering everything up. Mrs B finally admits that she known Eva, who came to the Brumley womens charity organisation for help, as she was pregnant. Mrs B was the chairwoman and turned away a helping hand for the girl, because Eva used the name Birling which Mrs B wasnt happy with. She didnt show any guilt and said that the father was entirely to blame. Mrs B condemns her son Eric, as he is the father of the child, he ought to be dealt with very severely. No regret is felt and it seems that she is totally unmoved by the whole incident, only caring when she discovers that her own son is involved. Sybil is very patronising and sees herself as socially superior to those of a lower class. She finally realises that Eric was the father and is shocked, Eric has arrived, and the audience is left in suspense as the scene ends. Everyone is staring at Eric, the inspector asks him a question and he tells the story of his involvement with Eva. He had met her at the same bar as Gerald and had got drunk and took her back to the lodgings. Eva didnt really want him to come in but he was going to start a row, so she let him in and they made love. This became frequent. It was casual for Eric and Eva having sex but Gerald and Evas relationship had feelings. Eva became pregnant and they didnt want marriage, as they didnt love each other, so Eric insisted on giving her money to help her. She stopped accepting it as she realised it was stolen. Eric had admitted taking à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½50 from his fathers office. This was a lot of money in those times and his parents were enraged. The inspector concludes his visit with Priestleys message: we dont live alone. We are members of one body. We are responsible for each other. And I tell you that the time will soon come when, if men will not learn that lesson, then they will be taught in fire, blood, and anguish. The inspector leaves. Priestleys is saying that if we dont care about everyone in society, then it will end up in conflict and war. Priestley also suggests that the older generation wont change, but the younger generation accept that there needs to be a change. After he has left, the family begin to consider the consequences. Mr and Mrs B are only concerned about their image and are blaming their children for everything. They start to wonder whether he really was an inspector, Birling and Sybil get excited as they thinks it makes all the difference, but Sheila and Eric understand that they are all morally guilty for Eva and that it doesnt matter who the man was. Gerald returns, and is certain that the man wasnt a policeman. Just to make sure, Birling phones the police force and confirms that wasnt an inspector Goole. Eric still shows guilt along with Sheila but the others are not having any of it, they are ignoring the fact that they are dealing with a dead girl. Gerald is trying to get out of the guilt by assuming that Goole had showed them different photographs (which is absurd) and that the girl was not dead, and even if the girl didnt die they still did wrong. Gerald phones the infirmary to see, and he is told that there hasnt been a suicide there for months. The parents and Gerald decide that they want to celebrate and assume they are all now off the hook, while Eric and Sheila maintain that nothing has changed even if the girl wasnt dead. Another message from priestly came out from Shelia: Everything we said happened really had happened. If it didnt end tragically, then thats lucky for us. But it might have done. Birling hasnt got a clue; they think its a joke. Yet the telephone rings sharply. Mr Birling answers it, then tells the family that it was the police, he says a girl has committed suicide and is on her way to the infirmary, and that an inspector is on his way to ask some questions. They stare guiltily and dumbfounded. The whole scenario starts again. In conclusion, I think that the person to blame most is Sybil Birling. She was selfish and heartless leaving Eva to give up on herself. Eva had that little bit of hope left going to the organisation, but Mrs B turns away her helping hand. Maybe Arthur had triggered it off but Mrs B could have sorted out things out if she understood why Eva had used the name Birling. What makes you feel more anger for Sybil is that she thinks it wasnt her fault at all: she had no guilt whatsoever. Although I think it would be unfair to blame just Mrs Birling entirely, as each character played a part to the death of Eva smith. It would be more logical to blame society and the way they lived in those times, no real crime was committed, and it is more a case of social conscience. I think families like the Birlings need to aid others with their actions, not just themselves.

Pagan and Christian Influences in Beowulf Essay examples -- Epic Poems,

The author of the epic poem Beowulf is unknown, and similarly to the Illiad by Plato its origins remain a mystery. Throughout the poem there are many clues that Beowulf has become a tradition and was passed down orally for centuries, and finally have been translated from the â€Å"old English† that it possibly could have been originally recited as, to the English we know today. In the poem Beowulf a bard recites poetry orally, or in a song, usually telling stories about historical triumphs and adventures. These poets were referred to in this epic poem as "carriers of tales..., traditional singer[s] deeply schooled in the lore[s] of the past" (Beowulf 50). This was common in Germanic culture. Scops would keep folkloric heroes alive in the "oral" tradition. They passed down stories orally from one generation to the next. "The Beowulf poet himself imagines such oral performances by having King Hrothgar's court poet recite a heroic lay at a feast celebrating Beowulf's defeat of Grendel" (Beowulf 29). "[A] thane of the king's household...linked a new theme to a strict meter. The man started to recite with skill, rehearsing Beowulf's triumphs and feats in well-fashioned lines, entwining his words" (Beowulf 50). This poet of Hrothgar's goes on to tell of Sigemund and of Waels' son. This section of the oral poetry is actually in the text, giving an example of the Germanic "oral" tradition. In the same celebration at the mead hall the author illustrates again the "oral" tradition. This time the king's poet performs "with the saga of Finn and his sons, unfolding the tale of the fierce attack in Friesland where Hnaef, king of the Danes, met death" (Beowulf 54). These eighty-nine lines tell a detailed historical story, which is also engrossed i... ... fiend. Whichever one death fells must deem it a just judgment by God" (Beowulf 41). Here Beowulf gives the outcome to God. As mentioned earlier, Grendel met his fate the night Beowulf was waiting for him. This clearly is contradicting since both dogmas are used to describe the same occurrence. In the fight against Grendel's mother "Almighty God would ... turn the tide of his misfortunes" (Beowulf 61). He also says that God decided the victory in the same fight. "It was easy for the Lord, the Ruler of Heaven, to redress the balance once Beowulf got back up on his feet" (Beowulf 66). Beowulf also claims in this fight that God helped him. After the fight with the dragon the poet says "[w]hat God judged right would rule what happened to every man, as it does to this day" (Beowulf 93). How could there be so many discrepancies in this poem if only one poet wrote it?

Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Computers Essay

I think this is an interesting topic when i am indeliberate in surfing some webs. And i wonder why no one discuss this?. So, i am eager to make the first writing . Nowadays, most of people know to use computer. But what purposes they use it for ?. that ‘s way we really recognize that it is so bad or good to use computer. You know, up to the ages, we classify the benefits of computer are. For people who work in big companies are required to know how to use computer for manage the project or only composing the contract, saving the database, even making a important data security for firm. In fact, A great benefit that a computer certainly work effectively and as replaced thousands of people to solve the complex tasks by only one person or group. That save much money and time and even worker’s strength. And computer is the intelligent device for students to study, especially IT students. They can search documents which are related their curriculum or any information they are interested in their life on internet if that computer has global network. On the other hand, most of people are tired after sitting with computer for work a long time in day, may relax their mind with many kinds of games they want, listen to music, study English and so on†¦ In a word, computer is the best device to everyone for many variety purposes. However, some people use computer for bad idea. it is nothing to useful for children are crazy for games day by day. That makes children don’t continue to study and their marks is gradually lower and lower. Furthermore, it is easy to attract crazy children and student with depraved culture. In my opinion, our government are forbidding strictly behaviors uploading badly depraved things on internet. And certainly have to advice children and their parent to avoid putting bad those in their computer. I am strongly disagree people who make children go down in an our developing country who will be the main leader our country in the future.

Applying Organizational Psychology 1

Applying Organizational Psychology Scientific methodology is used in the field of organizational psychology. When people are happier in their work environment a company is more successful than having unhappy and less fulfilled employees. The objective of this paper is to achieve a better understanding of what organizational psychology is. It will discuss the issues and methods involved in the recruitment process for an organizational and applicant perspective. Finally, it will describe the concept of organizational socialization and how the principles of organizational psychology can be applied to organizational socialization. Organizational Psychology The formal meaning of organizational psychology is â€Å"the scientific study of individual and group behavior in formal organizational settings† (Jex, 2002, p. 2). There are two types of organizational formal and informal. Formal organizations exhibit continuity overtime and often exist longer than the founding members (Jex, 2002). When the purpose is less explicit than for a formal organization it is considered to be an informal organization (Jex, 2002). In informal organization having goals in writing or even stated is doubtful (Jex, 2002). In an informal organization if members were to move on the group would not continue to exist (Jex, 2002). When looking at the definition of organizational psychology it is important to note that first, it uses methods of scientific inquiry to study and intervene in organizations (Jex, 2002). This means that the data-based approach is used. The data used comes from survey, interviews, observation, and sometimes organizational records (Jex, 2002). Second, it is intellectually rooted in psychology which focuses on individual behavior (Jex, 2002). This means that individual behavior is the most important mediating factor (Jex, 2002). â€Å"Groups and organizations don’t behave; people do† (Jex, 2002, p. 8). Organizational psychology is also a part of a broader field of industrial/organizational psychology also referred to as I/O psychology. The industrial side deals with recruitment, selection, classification, compensation, performance appraisal, and training (Jex & Britt, 2008). The organizational side deals with socialization, motivation, occupational stress, leadership, group performance, and organizational development (Jex & Britt, 2008). The industrial side is linked to management of human resources while the organizational side is linked to understanding and predicting behavior within the organization (Jex & Britt, 2008). There is a lot involved in the field of organizational psychology from enhanced organizational effectiveness to the economic well-being of society as a whole (Jex & Britt, 2008). Issues and Methods Involved in the Recruitment Process from an Organizational and Applicant Perspective. There are several important steps in the recruitment and selection process. These steps include strategic planning, sourcing candidates, preliminary screening, selection interviewing, and the selection. Strategic planning is the key in making hiring decisions that work with the organizational employment goals (Mayhew, 2011). A budget, evaluating resources, and the workforce needs assessment are included in the strategy (Mayhew, 2011). For sourcing candidates recruiters use methods such as cold calling and job fairs to find qualified applicants (Mayhew, 2011). Some of the sources that are used by organizations include some of the following: advertising, employment agencies, labor unions, career fairs, walk-ins, write-ins, and employer referrals (Jex & Britt, 2008). High-level positions focus on searching for candidates who have specialized skills or professional expertise (Mayhew, 2011). Internal promotion is based on performance, achievements and succession planning (Mayhew, 2011). The preliminary screening of applicants can be done by telephone to glean essential information, such as work history and the applicant’s professional background (Mayhew, 2011). These kind of interviews save the organization money while streamlining the field of candidates (Mayhew, 2011). Selection interviewing is a way to further define the selection of candidates by the recruiters and hiring managers (Mayhew, 2011). The use of behavioral interview questions helps predict how the candidate will perform in the job (Mayhew, 2011). To test the technical and functional expertise the use of situational and competency-based questions is used (Mayhew, 2011). During the interview process it can be a one-on-one interview or a panel of interviewers (Mayhew, 2011). The last part of the process is the selection. The person doing the hiring will use his or her notes, and personal observations to make what he or she feels is the best candidate for the job. Organizational Perspective. The hiring process through the eyes of organizational psychologist is to select, perfect, and persuade. The select process uses cognitive measures, personality profiles, interviews, and skills testing to find a fit between the candidate and the job (Crosby, 2011). Perfect is the duty of the psychologist to perfect the talent pool through training, coaching, and leadership development (Crosby, 2011). Finally, the psychologist uses persuasion to help organizations design programs that take into consideration the idiosyncrasies of human behavior (Crosby, 2011). People are the heartbeat of any business, neglect this fact and the business will not last long enough to talk about it (Crosby, 2011). For the organization the recruitment process is trying to attract potential employees by making the organization look its best (Jex & Britt, 2008). Applicant’s Perspective. Applicants may make judgments about an organization based in whether or not he or she feels they fit in with the organization (Jex & Britt, 2008). The applicant will judge his or her own skills and abilities to see if they match that of the job (Jex & Britt, 2008). Once this is determined he or she may check out the organizational culture to see if this is compatible with his or her personality (Jex & Britt, 2008). This information may come from second hand information such as the organizations website, recruiting brochures, or may be his or her experiences as a consumer of the organization (Jex & Britt, 2008). Another area an applicant may judge if his or her perceived values match that of the organization. Values represent things, ideas, or goals that are important to people† (Jex & Britt, 2008, p. 66). if an organization is progressive regarding work-family initiatives this may attract the applicant or more ideological reasons such as joining the armed services due to the feelings of patriotism (Jex & Britt, 2008). Organizational Socialization Organizational socialization is a process where people learn about an organi zations culture and makes the transition from outsider to member (s. w. learning, 2011). This process affects an individual’s behavior and helps shape and maintain the organizations culture (s. . learning, 2011). Organizational socialization occurs in three stages. The first is anticipatory socialization that happens before joining the organization or taking a new job (s. w. learning, 2011). This stage prepares the applicant to enter the new job, give him or her first look at the culture of the organization, and develops the applicant’s expectations about the organization (s. w. learning, 2011). Two issues at this stage include the realism of self and organization and the congruence of self and organization (s. w. learning, 2011). Realism is the responsibility of both (s. w. learning, 2011). For the organization it is the positive and negative side of working for the company and for the potential employee it is to present an accurate picture of self (s. w. learning, 2011). Congruence knows that his or her skills and abilities are congruent with that of the company and do they satisfy his or her needs (s. w. learning, 2011). If there is a lack of these it could result in a high turnover, low satisfaction, low organizational commitment and poor job performance. The second stage is that of entry/encounter which occurs after entering the organization (s. w. learning, 2011). This is the breaking in stage. The new employee brings in expectations from the first stage, compares them to the reality of the organization, and is the time to learn the ropes (s. w. learning, 2011). The purpose of this stage is role clarification and to teach tasks, duties, and responsibilities, teach immediate workgroup norms such as social status, bases of power, informal leaders, and the performance norms (s. w. earning, 2011). The last stage is change or metamorphosis (s. w. learning, 2011). This is the settling in stage. It is a clear separation from stage two to stage three with rites and rituals. A successful metamorphosis includes being comfortable in the new role, some mastery of job requirements, acceptance of values, adjustment to group norms, and self-confidence is up (s. w. learning, 2011). Conclusion Organizational psychology is defined as the scientific s tudy of individual and group behavior in formal organizational settings. The steps involved in the recruitment and selection process include strategic planning, sourcing candidates, preliminary screening, selection interviewing and the selection. The organizational perspective is to look good to the potential employee. The applicant perspective is to find the right fit. Organizational socialization occurs in three stages: anticipatory, entry/encounter, and change or metamorphosis. References Crosby, D. (2011). What is Organizational Psychology. Retrieved from http://www. monsterthinking. com/2011/07/14/what-is-organizational-psychology/ Jex, S. M. (2002). Organizational Psychology: A Scientist-Practitioner Approach. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Jex, S. M. & Britt, T. W. (2008). Organizational psychology: A scientist-practitioner approach  (2nd ed. ). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Mayhew, R. (2011). What is Involved in the Recruitment & Selection Process in HR? Retrieved from http://www. ehow. com/print/info_8163778_involved-recruitment-selection-process-hr. html S. W. Learning (2011). Organizational Socialization. Retrieved from www. swlearning. com/management/champoux/powerpoint/ch06. ppt

A biography of King Alfred the Great essays

A biography of King Alfred the Great essays Alfred, also known as Alfred the great, was considered one of the best kings to rule in medieval times. During his life, he achieved many objectives, including fending off Danes, Vikings, and starting important events. Alfred was born in 849 in Wantage, Oxfordshire, SC England, UK. He was the fifth son of Ethelwulf. In 852 he was sent to Rome, where he became the Roman Consul. In 855 he returned to Rome with his father. During Alfreds adolescence, he had very ill health and deep religious devotion, both of which followed him through the rest of his life. There is very little that is known about him during the reign of his two oldest brothers, Ethelbald and Ethelbert, but during the reign of Ethelred, in 865, Alfred became Ethelreds viceroy and aided him in many battles against the Danes. When the Danes assaulted in 870, Alfred and Ethelred fended them off with varying results. When Alfred stepped up to the throne in 871, the Danes had already conquered much of Northumbria, parts of Mercia, and East Anglia, and threatened to subdue Wessex itself. So, Alfred began attempting to regain back land by attacking them. He dealt the first major blow in the battle of Edington, and later on took back the former Mercian town of London. He stole military initiative from the Danes by creating a free standing army, building a navy, and making a network of burhs, a kind of fortress. After the conflicts with the Danes, he preached the peace of Chippenham, by which the Danish leader accepted God into his life. The chance of security gave Alfred time to do necessary things. He reorganized his militia to prevent further Dane attacks. He learned Latin and translated several classics into English. And during this time, he either encouraged or himself made the anglo- saxxon chronicles. Unfortunately, between 892 and 896, Danes attacked Alfred. He received great support from his son Edward The Elder, his daugh...

Patrocinio green card, copatrocinadores y sustitutos

Patrocinio green card, copatrocinadores y sustitutos Para Inmigracià ³n es patrocinador el ciudadano o el residente permanente que solicita los papeles para un familiar para que à ©ste obtenga la tarjeta de residencia, tambià ©n conocida como green card. Las personas que patrocinan a sus familiares adquieren unas responsabilidades que duran por aà ±os. La ley permite al patrocinador buscar co-patrocinadores o sustitutos cuando no ingresa la cantidad mà ­nima exigida ni tiene patrimonio suficiente. Puntos Clave: Patrocinio de la tarjeta de residencia Para sacar la tarjeta de residencia por familia es necesario el patrocinio de un familiar.Tipos de patrocinio:Patrocinador: ciudadano o residente que pide a familiarCo-patrocinador: puede ser un familiar pero no es necesario. En este caso, patrocinador y co-patrocinador son responsables conjuntamente del migrante pedido.Patrocinador sustituto: cuando el patrocinador fallece. Solo se admite familiares del migrante o representantes legales del mismo. Obligaciones legales del patrocinador El ciudadano o residente que se convierte en patrocinador es responsable econà ³micamente frente: el gobiernola persona patrocinada, es decir, el inmigrante que ha obtenido la green card porque fue pedida por el patrocinador. Esto quiere decir, por un lado, que si el inmigrante patrocinado recibe un beneficio pà ºblico calificado como means-tested por el gobierno federal, estatal o local, entonces la agencia del gobierno puede reclamar el costo al patrocinador. Y si este no paga, puede demandarlo en corte. Tienen consideracià ³n de beneficios means-tested, entre otros, los siguientes: los cupones de alimentos  (food stamps, en inglà ©s o SNAP), los Ingresos Suplementarios de Seguridad, conocido como SSI por sus siglas en inglà ©s, Medicaid, TANF y el seguro mà ©dico estatal SCHIP. Por otro lado, el inmigrante patrocinado puede exigir al patrocinador que lo mantenga. Y si no cumple, puede demandarlo. Cabe destacar que esta obligacià ³n puede continuar en el caso de green card por matrimonio incluso despuà ©s del divorcio de la pareja.  ¿Por quà © el patrocinador tiene esta obligacià ³n? El patrocinador tiene esta obligacià ³n porque durante el proceso para patrocinar a su familiar firma el documento I-864, tambià ©n conocido como affidavit of support o declaracià ³n de mantenimiento. Este es un documento imprescindible. Si no se firma, no puede seguir adelante la tramitacià ³n. Es necesario destacar que es, en realidad, un contrato entre el patrocinador y el gobierno. Por lo tanto, cualquier acuerdo privado entre el patrocinador y el inmigrante patrocinado a este respecto es nulo. En otras palabras, el patrocinador siempre responde ante el gobierno por los gastos pà ºblicos que el inmigrante cause por utilizar algà ºn beneficio de los considerados como means-tested. En los casos de peticià ³n con ajuste de estatus, el affidavit of support se firma en ese momento. Sin embargo, en los de peticiones a travà ©s del procedimiento consular, esta declaracià ³n de sostenimiento se firma en el momento en el que asà ­ lo solicite el Centro Nacional de Visas (NVC, por sus siglas en inglà ©s).  ¿Cunto dura la obligacià ³n del patrocinador? Esta obligacià ³n dura hasta que el inmigrante patrocinado se convierte en ciudadano estadounidense a travà ©s del proceso que se conoce como naturalizacià ³n o hasta que el inmigrante los 40 crà ©ditos cotizados, es decir, en la mayorà ­a de los casos eso significa llevar aproximadamente 10 aà ±os trabajando. La obligacià ³n del patrocinador deja de existir en el caso que llegue antes  de los 2 anteriores.   Es importante tener en cuenta que en el caso de patrocinador que solicita la green cad para el cà ³nyuge, el divorcio no pone fin a la obligacià ³n, sino que continà ºa hasta que se produzca la naturalizacià ³n del inmigrante o los 40 crà ©ditos cotizados.  ¿Quà © son los co-patrocinadores? En los casos en los que el ciudadano americano o un residente quiere pedir los papeles para un familiar pero no tiene ingresos y/o patrimonio suficiente para el affidavit of support es posible tener co-patrocinadores. La ley permite 2 supuestos. En primer lugar, otro miembro de la familia que reside habitualmente en el mismo hogar que el ciudadano o residente que solicita los papeles. Y en segundo lugar, otra persona que no tiene que ser pariente. Estos son los casos que se conocen como joint-sponsor, por su nombre en inglà ©s. A la hora de firmar el affidavit of support hay que fijarse porque hay variaciones segà ºn la categorà ­a de patrocinador que presenta los papeles, miembro del hogar el patrocinador o co-patrocinador que reside en otro hogar, sea o no pariente. En el caso de que se patrocine a un inmigrante que emigra acompaà ±ado por su familia, puede haber 2 joint-sponsor. En todo caso, cada uno por separado debe ingresar o tener patrimonio suficiente para patrocinar. En los casos en los que se utiliza un joint-sponsor, el patrocinador, es decir, el que pide los papeles para su familiar, debe tambià ©n firmar su propio documento de affidavit of support. Y tanto el patrocinador como el joint-sponsor son responsables econà ³micamente del migrante pedido. Patrocinador sustituto Cuando un ciudadano o un residente solicita los papeles para un familiar y despuà ©s fallece, el proceso puede continuar si se dan 3 requisitos: El documento de peticià ³n que se conoce como I-130 se aprobà ³ ANTES del fallecimientoEl Servicio de Inmigracià ³n y Ciudadanà ­a (USCIS) admite que continue la tramitacià ³nOtra persona se compromete a responder econà ³micamente por el inmigrante y firma el affidavit of support. Esta persona serà ­a el patrocinador sustituto. Sin embargo, no cualquier persona puede ser patrocinador sustituto sino que la ley pide que entre à ©ste y el migrante se dà © alguna de las siguientes relaciones: cà ³nyuge, padre, madre, suegro, suegra, hermano/a, hijo/a, yerno, nuera, cuà ±ado/a, abuelo/a o guardin legal del inmigrante. Requisitos para ser patrocinador,  co-patrocinador o patrocinador sustituto Tanto el patrocinador como el joint-sponsor tiene que ser mayor de 18 aà ±os, ciudadano o residente y residir en los Estados Unidos o uno de sus territorios, como por ejemplo Puerto Rico.   Si el ciudadano no se encuentra en esos momentos en Estados Unidos, deber probar que su estadà ­a en otro paà ­s es temporal y que conserva el domicilio en el paà ­s. Frecuentemente, los ciudadanos estadounidenses que residen fuera del paà ­s y deciden regresarse con sus cà ³nyuges extranjeros se encuentran con el problema de que no pueden probar ingresos suficientes para patrocinar, ya que USCIS pide que los ingresos se produzcan en EE.UU. y que se puedan probar mediante la presentacià ³n de las planillas tax returns. Aunque pide un mà ­nimo de un aà ±o y un mximo de tres, deber presentarse uno, dos o tres segà ºn lo que resulte ms conveniente segà ºn las circunstancias personales del patrocinador de la green card. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Marketing of Chicago Cutlery, Dexter-Russell, Cutco,and Emerils Research Paper

Marketing of Chicago Cutlery, Dexter-Russell, Cutco,and Emerils Cutlery - Research Paper Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that Chicago cutlery was established way back in 1930. The business venture offers knife conditioning service to professional butchers and packing plants. Initially, knife conditioning was their main specialty, but when the demand for sharp knives increased, the business venture (Chicago cutlery) introduced a knife manufacturing business for the meat and poultry industry. Back in 1969, Chicago cutlery also ventured in the retail market with professional cutlery. They designed knives to cater for increasing demands of professional knife users. The knives were also available for home use. At the present, Chicago cutlery brand is owned by world kitchen, LLC. Market segmentation is to identify and profile distinct groups of knife users who might be having homogenous characteristics or needs, and hence, prefer varied genres of knives. Market segments are identified by Chicago cutlery by identifying, notifying and examining demographic, psychograph ic and behavioral differences among buyers. The firms then decide which segments present the greatest opportunity and whose needs the firms can meet in a superior fashion. The cutlery firms also aim at one or more market segments to cater for their needs. For each chosen target market, the firms develop a market offering. To satisfy the needs of the consumers more successfully and reach them in the most effective and efficient way, the cutlery firms identify groups of customers or potential customers with homogeneous characteristics or behaviors and try to adapt their service as much as possible to the unique needs and desires of the segment members. They identify and profile distinct groups of knife lovers who might have the same needs and hence prefer varied genres of knives. Having defined their market that: they need to supply knives to the meat and poultry industry, as well as a house, holds, the cutlery firms then go ahead to design knives for specific usage. The company has s egmented the market according to the needs of the customers. The world kitchen manufactures and markets branded consumer bakeware, dinnerware, kitchen, and houseware tools. Their cutlery products include well-known brands such as Corelle, Pyrex, Corning Ware, and Chicago Cutlery.

Writing Procedure for soil compaction Lab Report

Writing Procedure for soil compaction - Lab Report Example This helps in reducing void ratio. The main purpose of soil compaction is to reduce settlement under working loads, increase the soil shear strength, and prevent accumulation of large water pressures that may result in soil liquefaction during earth tremors. The following equipment will be necessary in order to achieve a proper soil compaction: 5 small tin containers; compact mould; metallic mixing pan and a plastic water bottle; weighing balance of up to 10kg for determining the weight of soil mass; a sieve; straight edged steel to smoothen soil sample ends; and a compaction hammer of about 5.5 lbs (Fang 262). The whole process begins by preparing the soil sample to be used during compaction. To begin with, a soil mass is taken and passed through a sieve so as to ensure that the right quantity and type of soil is obtained. The soil sample is passed through the sieve until 3-4 lbs of the sample is obtained. The sample soil is then wetted with the right quantity of water and missed thoroughly. Once this has been done, the wetted soil sample is carefully put into a plastic bag and left overnight (Fang 268). This is done to ensure that water in the soil sample is thoroughly absorbed so as to obtain homogeneous water content as shown in figure 1. However, before beginning compaction, it is important to set up equipments properly. As such, the compaction mold with the base plate is measured is weighed using the weighing balance and the measurement recorded (Fang 268). It is worth noting that the compact mold should be greased to prevent soil sample from sticking in the mold. After preparing the sample, the next procedure involves testing the compaction. The first step is to lock the mold, base and the collar plate together. The soil is added to the mold and filled until over half the mold is filled with loose soil. Then, using the compaction